Developmental Stages in Children and Adolscents

instructional sets in Children and Adolescents Erica Bass May 7, 2012 Andrew Fletcher PSY 104 Child and Adolescent Development Developmental Stages in Children and Adolescents In exploring the differences in children and why and how they get up can be quite elicit. There are many opposite theories that suggest divers(prenominal) explanations as to why children develop when they do, whether it is cognitive, socially, mentally, etc. Three genuinely invadeing theories are Kohlbergs moral discipline surmise, Piagets cognitive opening and Freuds psychosexual possible action.How does each of these theories pertain to the average child, and can these theories induce together? First let us explore tether very various theories, the first being Kohlbergs theory of moral development. honourable development is a major topic of interest in two psychology and education. One of the best known theories was developed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg who circumscribed and expanded upon Jean Piagets work to form a theory that explained the development of moral reasoning. Kohlberg extended Piagets theory, proposing that moral development is a continual play that occurs finishedout the lifespan.Piaget described a two- peak process of moral development, while Kohlbergs theory of moral development outlined sextet forms within three different levels, which are outlined below * Level 1. Pre schematic Morality * Stage 1 Obedience and Punishment at this symbolise children see rules as quick-frozen and absolute, they view rules as being important because they avoid punishment * Stage 2 Individualism and Exchange at this grade children account for case-by-case points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual involve * Level 2.Conventional Morality * Stage 3 Interpersonal Relationships at this coiffure the focus is on living up to social expectations and roles. * Stage 4 Maintaining Social Order at this stage the focus is on pursuanc e rules and respecting authority * Level 3. Postconventional Morality * Stage 5 Social agreement and Individual Rights at this stage people begin to account for different values, opinions and beliefs or other people. Stage 6 Universal Principles at this stage people are supposed to uphold the universal ethical principles and get up reasoning (http//psychology. about. com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/kohlberg. htm) Paigets Theory. Jean Piagets stages of cognitive development describe the intellectual development of children from infancy to early adulthood. Piaget believed that children are not less intelligent than adults, they simply think differently. He too proposed a number of concepts to explain how children process study. The three concepts to support Piagets theory are Schemas Are categories of knowledge that help us interpret and translate the world * Assimilation The process of taking in new information into our previously existing schemas * Accommodation Another persona of adaptation involves changing or altering our existing schemas in light of new information There are also four different stages to Piagets theory, which are * The Sensormotor Stage This stage give way from birth to two years of age and is centered on the baby trying to make sense of the world * The Preoperational Stage This stage occurs surrounded by ages two to six, and is centered on language development * The Concrete functional Stage This stage occurs amid the ages seven to eleven, and is centered on thinking logically about concrete events, alone have difficulty soul abstract or hypothetical concepts * The Formal Operational Stage This stage occurs between the ages twelve and last with adulthood, during this time people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts (http//psychology. about. com/b/2008/04/21/key-concepts-in-cognitive-development. htm) right away lets explore a second theory, Freuds theory. accord to Sigmund Freud, personality is mostly established by the age of five.Early experiences play a large role in personality development and continue to becharm behavior later in life. Freuds theory of psychosexual development is wizard of the best known, but also one of the most controversial. Freud believed that personality develops through a series of childhood stages during which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on genuine erogenous areas. This psychosexual energy, or libido, was described as the driving consequence behind behavior. If these psychosexual stages are completed successfully, the result is a water-loving personality. If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, neutering can occur.A fixation is a persistent focus on an early psychosexual stage. Until this conflict is resolved, the individual will remain stuck in this stage. Freuds theory consists of five different stages, which are * The Oral Stage This stage occurs from birth to one year, the infants prim ary source of fundamental interaction is through oral simulation through tasting and sucking. Because an infant it is all dependent upon caregivers, the infant develops a sense of trust and comfort through oral simulation * The Anal Stage This stage occurs from one to three years of age, which is basically training the child to control his/her, bodily needs, john training to be specific. The Phallic Stage This stage occurs from three to six years of age, at this stage children begin to discover the difference between males and females. * The Latent Period This stage occurs from six to puberty, at this stage the libido interest is suppressed, and the development of the ego and superego contribute to the calm of this stage. This is the time of exploration but is directed more towards intellectual and social interaction. * The Genital Stage This stage occurs between puberty and death, this is when an adolescent develops a strong interest in the opposite sex (http//psychology. abo ut. com/od/theoriesofpersonality/ss/psychosexualdev. tm) All of these theories have their way in the world, and when speaking to parents about their children I am sure that they can fancy each of these in some shape or form. For example the Kohlberg theory, moral development Suppose there is a child who has no rules or boundaries. There is one in particular that comes to mind. This child is born, the father is absent, the aim doing it alone, she has issues with alcohol and drugs, so therefore the child gets very little personal attention, or guidance, she is free to do as she wishes. Because of this from birth to adolescence beginning with conventional morality, she does not have rules so, does the Kohlberg theory apply? I would venture to introduce no, because the ideal of these rules and boundaries being put it to place are not there, and do not happen. This