General System Theory and The Internet Design Idea Essay

General System Theory and The Internet Design Idea - Essay Example The simplest definition of ‘Internet’ is â€Å"A worldwide system of interconnected networks and computers†. A more technical newer version is "A worldwide system of interconnected networks that use the Transmission Control Protocol - Internet protocol" (TCP/IP) (ibid). J.C.R. Licklider, a U.S. scientist wrote in 1962 about interaction through a ‘Galactic Network’ (Schnarr, 2008): Each network should be able to work on its own, requiring no modification to participate in the Internet. Each would have a gateway, to link it to the outside world, a larger computer. This gateway would cut-down workload and to speed up traffic, with no censorship. Packages would go through the fastest available route, bypassing jams. The gateways would always be open and its operating principles would be freely available to all networks, motivating them to carry out independent but coalescing research (ibid). The Americans set up their Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1957 (Griffiths, 2002). By 1968/69, research had developed sufficiently for ARPA to publish a plan for a computer network system called ARPANET (ibid). Data packet switching technology, invented in England in 1965 was imported for integration with their system. Packet switching allowed travel of messages from point A to point B across a network (ibid). Surviving a nuclear attack was not Arpanets motivation, nor was building a global communications network (Griffiths, 2002). â€Å"It was not about communicating over distances either, as we understand the net today. Arpanet was about time-sharing. Time sharing permitted research institutions to use other institutions’ computers when they had calculations to do for which they did not have the facility. This was the prime vision of the named luminaries about the Internet† (Peter, 2003). "What the Arpanet didnt address was the issue of

Role of Natural Resources in the Politics and Economy of the Middle East Essay Example for Free

Role of Natural Resources in the Politics and Economy of the Middle East Essay For the last 60 years oil has been of major importance for the economies of the Middle East. The region has about one-half of the world’s oil reserves and approximately one-quarter of global supplies of natural gas. Middle East oil has been an intermittent preoccupation for western governments and business, particularly throughout the dramatic 1973-4 and 1979 oil price rises, as these had a most important impact on the world economy. Within the region itself, oil production has accounted for a considerable proportion of national product and been the main source of government finance. The earnings produced from oil have not merely contributed to development funding in the oil-exporting states however have as well flowed into the non-oil economies through inter-government assistance, remittances and, to a lesser extent, private investment flows. (Marc J OReilly, 1999). Oil and gas exports are likely to stay vital for the economies of the Middle East for the predictable future, regardless of the price reductions since the mid-1980s. The price of oil has had a major impact on past development trends, as well as the region’s economic prospects cannot be assessed without some predictions of future price changes. The determinants of oil prices are as a result of very important interest as far as Middle East development is concerned. NATURAL RESOURCES The Middle East holds considerable quantities of natural wealth in forms other than oil reserves—for instance, the phosphate deposits of the Maghreb, which contain nearly half of the worlds known reserves of that mineral. In the area at large, extensive mineral surveying has taken place in the past decade, as firms and governments have searched for new sources of prosperity and for the means to greater economic diversification. Despite these efforts, petroleum remains of such overwhelming economic and geopolitical importance that other mineral resources are relatively insignificant. The development of the Middle Eastern oil industry began in 1901 with the granting of a concession by the Persian government to William Knox DArcy, a British engineer. In exchange for the rights to search for and exploit petroleum resources in Persia, excluding the northern provinces where Russian influence was strong, the terms of the concession required the operating company or companies to pay the Persian government ? 20, 000 in cash and ? 20, 000 in stock. In addition, the Persian government was to receive 16 percent of annual net profits, plus a small annual payment of about ? 4,000. (R. K. Ramazani, 1998). The British government took an interest in the search for oil from the beginning. At that time, it was determined to convert the Royal Navy from coal to oil, but the British Empire lacked a secure and adequate source of petroleum. In 1907, Great Britain reached an agreement with Russia whereby the latter was awarded a zone of influence in northern Persia and Great Britain was recognized as the dominant foreign power in the south. A neutral zone was left in the center. The Admiralty arranged for financial support of DArcys search activities, and oil was struck in 1902. In 1909, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) was formed, and a refinery was built in the Gulf on the island of Abadan. In 1914, the British government moved to acquire 51 percent of the APOC stock (outstanding). These events established the precedents of petroleum exploitation through concessions granted by host countries to foreign enterprise, equity participation and profit sharing by host countries, and the participation by the concessionaires home government in Middle Eastern enterprise. (Sheikh R. Ali, 1986). During the interwar years, oil operations spread around the northern end of the Gulf into Iraq, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. In this period, the industry was controlled by the major international companies, often referred to as the â€Å"seven sisters. † By 1976, more than 104 billion barrels of crude oil had been lifted in the area since the inception of the modern industry. The enormity of Middle Eastern reserves can be gauged from the estimation that more than three times this amount remained to be lifted. At the 1976 annual rate of production of 9 billion barrels, the Middle Eastern proved reserves/output ratio shows that production could last another 39 years. (Sheikh R. Ali, 1986). Although it is a commonly used indication of production potential, the proved reserves/output ratio is not an accurate indicator of how long oil production actually will continue. For one thing, prospective or probable reserves are not included in the numerator, and new additions will continue to be made in the proved reserves category for years to come. Furthermore, variations in worldwide economic activity cause shifts in demand and current output. A short-term decline in output can cause a temporary rise in the reserves/ output ratio, as happened in 1975. Other things being the same, the assessment of reserve life made during a recession year could give a different impression from one made during a boom year. Finally, states sometimes revise their reported proved reserves because of research findings or for political reasons. Saudi Arabia, for example, abruptly cut its estimated reserves for January 1976 from 148. 6 billion barrels to 107. 8 billion barrels only to restore the estimate to 151. 4 billion barrels in 1977. This resulted in substantial variations in the reserves/output ratio for the whole Middle East. For these reasons, the reserves/production ratio should not be used in forecasting without suitable qualifications. Although the ultimate size of reserves and the duration of production in the Middle East are imponderables, there is greater certainty now about relative costs of production. The incremental unit cost of Middle Eastern crude, including finding, developing, and operating costs, are the lowest in the world. In the 1980s, per barrel necessary costs in 1972 dollars are expected to range from 15 to 20 on the Arabian Gulf. In contrast, North Sea oil is expected to cost $1. 50 to $2. 00 per barrel, and in the United States, medium-cost oil is forecast at $3. 30 to $6. 70 per barrel. Since per barrel prices for Gulf oil have risen to 60 to 80 times operating costs, economic profits at the lifting stage of the production process are exceptionally large for oil from this source. (Nora Bensahel, Daniel L. Byman, 2003). Oil reserves are providing the exporting countries with levels of income far in excess of those that otherwise would have been achieved. Petroleum resources thus are serving to compensate for deficiencies in agricultural resources and human skills. The relationship among resources, income growth, and economic development is complex, however, so that, in certain cases, growth based on the exploitation of natural resources can occur without commensurate economic development.

Friendship in Knowles A Separate Peace :: A Separate Peace Essays

A Separate Peace - Friendship    We have all experienced friendship in our lives; some of these bonds were lasting and others were not.   A Separate Peace is a book that deals with the friendship of high school boys. These boys attend an all-boy’s school called Devon School.   It is said that: "Devon is sometimes considered the most beautiful school in New England."   "Devon was both scholarly and very athletic."   Devon is where Gene Forrester, Phineas (Finny) and Elwin (Leper) Lepellier attend school.   Author John Knowles sets the story during World War II.   This time period makes the boys have to think about which branch of the military they want to enlist in. The main focuses of this book are war, conformity or agreement, and friendship. War is a theme because throughout the book WWII encroaches on Finny and Gene’s separate peace. Conformity is a theme because Finny puts constant pressure on all the boys especially Gene to do rebellious things. They give into peer pressure and do things like jumping from trees even though that broke the rules. They wanted to go along with the crowd, and Finny represents the crowd.   Friendship is the most visible theme in the book and since friendship is based on mutual need, Finny and Gene are best friends.   Finny has things that Gene needs and Gene has things Finny needs.   I am going to explain the meaning of a separate peace to Leper Lepellier, Phineas, and Gene Forrester.   When we first meet Leper, he is one of the boys standing at the base of the jumping tree.   He is refusing to jump from the tree into the river.   He is bidding, "Bidding for an ally."   Leper would like to fit in by jumping from the tree, but Leper has his own separate peace so he doesn’t need to jump from the tree.   He   says he will make the initiation jump to join the Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session but he never does.   When the other boys are shoveling snow off train tracks to help a train with soldiers get to the Army Base this "really brings the war home."  Ã‚   Instead of helping the other boys with the war effort, Leper goes cross country skiing to Beaver Dam.   Leper does this to get a separate peace from the reality of war.   Although Leper is the first to enlist in the army, he receives a section eight discharge.

Americas Segregation Essay -- essays research papers

America Segregation how has it been affecting the society of Americans for so long? Well according to American Apartheid there just hasn’t been enough time for the 1960s civil rights laws to work themselves out. How long will this take, and will it ever just work itself out? Why are there ghettos and how did they come about. Why are most ghettos in towns and cities in parts that are usually run down? Well if we can remember back in time when immigrants started to enter the United States the different cultures established in the same neighborhoods and communities. Why did they do this? Because they were around people that made them comfortable they were around their cultures and communities that they were accustomed to. They were around a society that was their own. So how did minorities end up in the ghetto? I don’t think they ever got out. When commerce was booming in the city most people lived in the city because that’s where the action was. The jobs, schools, bakeries whatever you needed was in the city. Back in the day when there was no cars or a form of transportation people had to walk or ride horses to where they were going and by being in a place that was condensed with all of these things it made it easy to live there. I think it was a case of a couple different ideas that all had an effect on minorities but primarily I think that the major ingredient was that the elites of the community prevented minorities for exiting the poverty stricken lifestyles and here is how they did it. Education, transportation and flat out racism. These three factors play a major role in why there is segregation today in the U.S. let’s start with transportation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I started with transportation because with transportation came elites moving out of the city to the suburbs. When this happened only people with some kind of money could afford a car to commute to and from the city. These people were the ones who had good jobs and power. Mostly whites had cars at the time and few blacks. These elites moved from the city to establish communities of their own and I am pretty sure that minorities were not welcome. Without transportation minorities were forced to stay in the city and as the suburbs grew larger and larger jobs and commerce that at were one time in the city had now left for the booming suburbs. Business was better in the suburbs and mone... ...re afraid of educated minorities running the country or educating their children. Political power this will come with education. If you are educated and can get your part of the community to support you then you have a great shot of being elected. How do you maintain your power? You keep the people that supported you happy and you don’t upset the other side to bad while you do it. Who doesn’t want you to have to power anyone else who wants it and the ones that you are not giving the benefits too. For instance politician gives tax breaks to elites while struggling citizens still pay high taxes this is not good and destroys a community. I don’t care if your white or black on this issue you will still have major problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that changes have been made and are being made to desegregate I do believe that there will always be a ghetto. Today cities and towns all have them and have to deal with the crime and poverty that comes along with them. I do believe that education will help these communities somehow but a little self-help in these communities is also needed. Lets face it some people like the ghetto and couldn’t think of a better place to live.

An Analysis of Michael Coogan’s Article “The Great Gulf Between Scholars and the Pew”

Michael Coogan’s article, â€Å"The Great Gulf Between Scholars and the Pew,† basically discussed and expounded in detail basically how people from different walks of life, particularly the scholars, and the lay members of the Church, understood and interpreted the Bible and its text. Basically, according to Coogan, the Bible, which has been long accepted as a symbol of perfect authority and absolute truth for it contains the word of God, is flawed in a lot of aspects due to its historical loopholes and inconsistencies. Based on Coogan’s writing, both past and modern scholars have used these inconsistencies and loopholes, which is a method called historical-critical method, to surmise that the Bible itself is not a book by a single author, but â€Å"many books by many authors† (Coogan, n. p. ) who also reflect their backgrounds and beliefs in their writings. However, as Coogan pointed out, this non-traditional understanding of the Bible, has very little effect on the way most people, whether religious or not, think of the book. This led to a situation that Coogan calls a canon within a canon, a set of laws within a set of laws or more specifically, a set of Holy Scriptures within a set of Holy Scriptures. In this case, most people, despite the widely accepted inconsistencies on the Bible, still accept and adhere to certain parts of its texts. In other words, what Coogan meant by a canon within a canon is that people select certain texts or scriptures within the Bible despite their errors and contradictions to actual historical findings and consider them as absolute truths which they base their beliefs on. More specifically, people such as lay members and pastors choose to believe these questionable texts and scriptures and use them to serve their personal interests. This, according to Coogan, is best shown in the way that politicians use quotes from the Bible as if they were truths, the way ministers preach the words of the Bible, and, most of all, the way students treat the Bible as an authoritative figure. Certain prominent inconsistencies in the Bible include the question of whether Canaan was invaded by Israel through a military assault or a gradual assimilation or what was the true color of the robe Jesus was wearing when he was being tortured before he died or whether he was born in Bethlehem or Nazareth, among many others.. In addition, there are also Christian believers who accept a certain gospel, such as Paul’s but reject the words of James and the Gospel of Matthew, which have been shown to contradict Paul’s writings, while, in effect, rejecting dozens of other biblical texts. The fact that there are inconsistencies between the writings of two of Jesus’ disciples and yet people choose to believe in one of them goes to show that the historical-critical method of understanding the Bible has been very influential. In short, despite these questions about important facts in the Bible, a lot of people still accept them as undeniable truths, which forms a canon within a canon Moreover, Coogan explained that the church tacitly accepts the use of a canon within a canon partly because it is their way of countering the results of the scholars’ historical-critical method of the Bible. The church made it appear to its followers that results of the scholars’ studies is a direct challenge to their authority because most of its teachings are derived from the Bible itself. In other words, if the Bible is full of inconsistencies and errors, then the Church’s Episcopal letters and pontifical documents, which they derive from the Bible as well, are also flawed and questionable. This is also why the church accepts the use of a canon within a canon as it corrects the perception of the Bible created by the scholars. They simply cannot allow an influential force that would question their authority as it would also taint their credibility and, in effect, their control over their members. Another reason behind the church’s tacit acceptance of a canon within a canon is that it does not trust people to correctly interpret and understand all that are written in the Bible. In other words, the church simply limited the exposure of people to the Bible because in truth, as Coogan stated in his article, there are certain texts and scriptures in the Bible that are subversive to the teachings of the church. According to Coogan, certain texts that are conspicuously limited by the church to most people include the portrayal of the violent yet â€Å"divine† extermination of the people of Canaan in the book of Joshua, the depiction of sexual assault in Judges chapters 11 and 19, the eroticism in the Song of Solomon, and most of all the text of the book of Job which more or less challenges the predominant perception of a fair and caring God. Meaning to say, the church firmly believes that if people are able to read the texts mentioned above, then there is a possibility that they may doubt the dogmatic views and teachings of the Bible which is embodied by the church itself. Furthermore, based on Coogan’s writing, in a way, biblical scholarship has also contributed to the use of a canon within a canon. According to him, for one, these biblical scholars, who have been committed to studying and deciphering the Bible for the past century or so, have failed to correctly translate what the original languages such as Greek and Hebrew of the book’s texts exactly mean. Most biblical scholars, avoid shocking people by making it appear that the Bible is an internally consistent book rather than a compilation of doctrines that are full of errors and inconsistencies. Moreover, Coogan also noted that recent biblical studies were done primarily for self-righteous reasons rather than educational purposes and as such, the use of a canon within a canon or a set of widely-accepted and used scriptures within a set of widely-accepted and used scriptures has become more established and unchallenged throughout the years.

How to reduce the green house effect. essays

How to reduce the green house effect. essays What is the greenhouse effect? First there is speculation on whether there is such an event as the greenhouse effect. Some scientists say that there is, while some scientists say that it is just the cycle of the Earth as far as the weather. The greenhouse effect is what we call the result of harmful levels of gases in the atmosphere that dont allow all the heat to escape the atmosphere. The results of this can be higher temperatures, changing sea levels and changes to the weather patterns. The most harmful gas that is being released is called chlorofluorocarbon. This gas is the highest level of gas with the harmful effect of not letting the proper amount of heat to escape the atmosphere. This is also the gas that affects the ozone layer. The ozone layer is the layer in the atmosphere that protects us from harmful radiation from the sun. We also have to watch the levels of methane and carbon dioxide. All or any of these gases in high levels can cause more of the heat to be trapped in the atmosphere. What can be done to slow or stop this effect? The best thing that can be done to stop this effect is to slow the release of these harmful gases into the atmosphere. How do we do this? The first way is to stop using fossil fuels. Fossil fuels being oil, gas or coal. How do we do this? First we need to slow down our use of fossil fuels. There is research into this, but far too slowly for most people. We are finally starting to see hybrid vehicles. These are vehicles that use both electricity and gasoline. This allows for higher mileage with smaller amounts of gasoline. There is a lot of speculation on this type of technology. Some people believe that this technology is coming too slowly. People believe that oil tycoons and gasoline manufacturers are purposely slowing the research, so that they can continue to make money. I believe this myself to a point. Research does take time as well as manufacturing of the vehic ...

Catcher in the Rye Thesis Paper essays

Catcher in the Rye Thesis Paper essays The Catcher in the Rye is a story about a young man named Holden Caulfield and the experiences that he faces after being dismissed from school. This book contains a great deal of symbolism, but it can very easily be missed in its simple story line. The story line itself is very basic, and I do not feel that the plot is very well written. When taken the time to appreciate it, this book is without a doubt a classic. As was stated in the first paragraph this story contains a great deal of symbolism. In the beginning of the story, when Mr. Spencer fails Holden, Holden is surprised about the failing grade and his mind begins to wander. He thinks about Central Park and how when the pond freezes over the duck leave. He shows a great deal of concern for what happens to the ducks. I believe that his concern for the ducks while the pond is frozen over symbolizes his concern for what he is going to do now that he has been dismissed from school. Much later on in the book Holden is talking with Horwitz, an angry cab driver, about what happens to the ducks and fish when the pond freezes over. Perhaps Holden is still unsure about what is in store for him and what he should do with his life. Holdens character does not relate to people very well. Throughout the story Holden is longing for a companion. He does not have a very good personality so instead he uses money to get the likeness of others. In many instances his buys drinks for women to win their respect, but most of the time he is not very interested. Although Holden is very generous, his generosity is limited to his wallet. However, Holden does care very much for his sister Phoebe. She is ten years old and is very charming and intelligent. Holden cares deeply for her because he lost his brother Allie to leukemia and he never wants to lose another sibling. Holden is also a very opinionated character. He is always concerned a ...

Gun control in the US essays

Gun control in the US essays Guns are quite possibly the most heated topic of debate in the United States of America today. Never before has such a technologically advanced issue as firearms cut the country into so many different factions, all fighting with each other over their respective views on gun control. However, it is possible that the firearm industry has brought this on themselves. As history has shown us, gun control has risen up against technological innovations in the gun industry as a result of those innovations. In many circumstances, the developments of this industry have been a step in the wrong direction, and the gun control lobby has been jumping all over these wayward changes for hundreds of years. However, sometimes the gun control lobby has hopped on a bandwagon against a particular kind of firearm without taking into account all of the statistics out there. Many sets of statistics sponsored by the U.S. government and the Federal Bureau of Investigation tend to shed favor on the gun industry. But, other statistical finds throw darts at the gun lobby, making the gun control lobby all the stronger. The gun control issue is just as heated and as confusing as ever; and even though a paper like this is not meant to answer all of the questions on this topic, hopefully readers will be able to find their way through the jungle that is American society and firearms. I am one of many people who are against gun control. I come from a family of hunters and I am also a hunter myself, and I dont think it is right to take guns away from some people. I know that some people shouldnt have guns, but I think that if someone wants a gun to kill they are going to get one no matter what. But why can't America just bow down and accept mandatory gun control? Wouldn't the streets be safer if any and all guns in America were illegal? The fact is, Americans can't bow down to total gun control like that which ...

Professional development opportunities Assignment

Professional development opportunities - Assignment Example The website listed above focuses on the ethics and responsibilities that aviation professionals have in their daily work.   It is mainly geared towards those teaching aviation, however, the information contained on the site is helpful for anyone in the field. This site focuses on all aspects of aviation work, not just pilots, so it is relevant to all who work in the aviation industry.   The SAFE organization, Society of Aviation and Flight Educators, offers a variety of useful information on their site.   You can read current aviation news, learn about professional development opportunities, purchase liability insurance, read the organization’s meeting minutes, learn their code of ethics and even learn about mentoring opportunities.   The website also gives information on available scholarships for many different areas of education.   On the website, you can also sign up to have their email newsletter sent to you.   Their newsletter will keep you up to date on curr ent initiatives within the aviation industry and will keep you posted on how you can get involved if you so choose.   I believe this site, is a high quality resource for many different areas, but the main focus is on professionalism, ethical behavior and professional development.   This is an active group, so this website is continually updated, making it a good resource to return to as opposed to just reading one time.     This organization does encourage you to become a member of SAFE.  

Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nutrition - Essay Example The Six Classes of Essential Nutrients Proteins, carbohydrates, water, lipids, minerals, and vitamins are the key essential nutrients for the human body. Proteins carbohydrates, water, and lipids are classified as macronutrients, while minerals and vitamins are classified as micronutrients (1). Insel et al, 2011, p.230, define proteins as â€Å"large molecules made up of amino-acids joined in various sequences†. Thus various kinds of proteins are present in the human body in various shapes. Based on their shapes the several kinds of proteins have specific roles within the human body. Some of them are enzymes, and speed up the many chemical reactions within the body essential to its survival. Some others act as hormones. Hormones may be viewed as chemical messengers within the human body. Yet other hormones go into the makeup of the antibodies of the human body to protect the human body from foreign substances and pathogens. Some other proteins act as pumps within the body to m aintain fluid balance. In this balance maintaining process they pump molecules across cell membranes and attract water. The acid base balance in the body is maintained by the action of proteins through the taking up or releasing of hydrogen ions, depending on the need. Finally, proteins act as transporters for many key substances like oxygen and the micronutrients to the targeted cells all over the human body. The essential nature of proteins to the human body is thus clear (2). Insel et al, 2011, p.146, define carbohydrates as â€Å"organic compounds that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in the ratio of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom.† The main role of carbohydrates in the body is to act as a fuel for the cells in the human body. Even though the human body can use fats also for energy purposes, carbohydrates are the preferred source of energy, particularly for the brain, red blood cells, nervous system, fetus, and placenta. Carbo hydrates also contain fibres that make it easier for the passage of stools through the digestive system (2). Water is absolutely essential for the survival of the human body. The water content in the human body is responsible for up to 75% of the weight of the human body. The importance of water to the human body lies in it being a very good solute. In the human body water carries several dissolved minerals in the form of electrolytes. These electrolytes are maintained at a constant balance. The very existence of cells in the human body depends on the maintenance of the right balance of these electrolytes in water (2). Insel et al, 2011, p.182, describe lipids as â€Å"a broad range of organic molecules that dissolve easily in organic solvents like alcohol, ether, and acetone, but are much less soluble in water.† Three main types make up the lipids, which are triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. Lipids are an energy source for the body and when stored in the body as fat act as energy reserves in the body for use when there is a deprivation of carbohydrate supplies to the body (2). Ball 2004, p. 8, defines vitamins as â€Å"a group of organic compounds which are essential in very small amounts for the normal functioning of the body.† Vitamins as required for nutrition in the human body are thirteen in number and classifies into water soluble vitamins and fat soluble vitamins. The water soluble vit

Essay on "The Act of Writing in the Age of Numbers"

On "The Act of Writing in the Age of Numbers" - Essay Example ces in technology like electric typewriters and social media posts make it increasingly harder because they make readers focus far more on a piece of writings numbers than on its content. While Marches argument seems a little odd, he does make a good point that readers should not get into the habit of thinking that how many words a piece of literature contain, or how many times it has been shared, are what makes it so special. One example which shows very well what Marche argues is that of a post made to Facebook or another social media website by someone who is a celebrity. This post would immediately be shared widely, and would get high numbers that might make it seem of huge importance to everybody. However, those high numbers would not necessarily mean that the article is really important. On the other hand, an post shared by a regular person might actually be very meaningful and highly relevant, despite not being widely shared. This is what Marche talks about when he says that "relevance has become nearly identical with its quantification." (Marche) Another area where words of a different sort matter is that of essays written by students in college courses. As Marche points out, the first attempts to put a word count on an essay assignment resulted in students paying too much attention to it, and not to the essays content (Marche). By making such a big point out of the number of words that an essay contains, a professor might be teaching students to make sure that the essay is the right length first, and make sure it has a good argument second. It would make more sense in this case to focus on what the essay does, rather than its length. In works of literature like poems and novels, Marche argues that far from numbers never having mattered, they are where English literature "begins." (Marche) While he is right that poetry and verse rely on numbering systems to be effective, he also discusses that a lot of poets continually struggled against these

The Geographical Origins of Ashfords Population in 1851 Essay

The Geographical Origins of Ashfords Population in 1851 - Essay Example The military men setup their schools, shops and churches .In the second half of 19th century Ashford cattle market was one of the greatest markets in south of England. Wool fleeces were collected and auctioned and hops were grown on large scale .After the introduction of railways, more than 2000 traders used to visit Ashford every harvest time (lambert).The Ashford then got divided into east and west union districts. Further, the east union district was split into 25 parishes, divided into three sub districts, whereas, the west union district comprised of 13 parishes divided into two sub districts (Pearman, 2012).The town of Ashford was established in 1849.before that it was a part of The Town of Auburn .This town has its roots in the 9th century. There are various manors that surround the town including Repton, Licktop, Esture and Wall is the prominent ones. (Pearman, 2012).Famous families continued their ownership in these manors and estates and later in 18th century declared Ashfo rd as a cheerful and neat town. Ashford continued to be an agriculture town and with the introduction of railways started becoming an attraction for migratory The railway company set up a society near the railway station .A factory for the repair of locomotive engines, residence for their workers and storage area for the railway carriages were constructed.   (Knight, 1850) There has been a parish workhouse erected with workshops, storehouses, a large yard, with every necessary implement (Pearman, 2012).

Ways How Individuals And Communities Demonstrate Agency In Their Lives Essay

Ways How Individuals And Communities Demonstrate Agency In Their Lives - Essay Example It is vital to note that individual’s demonstration of the agency, later on, forms the building blocks of a community. This is because individuals are community agents since they express their thoughts on cultural matters to other people. Through the agency, people are able to carry out face-to-face conversations with people from other communities. This has an impact on either side of the communities since culture is a negotiated meaning (Gutman 5). Being a negotiated meaning, a cultural forum in which the culture is negotiated and re-negotiated is what makes and remakes the culture and the community. This, therefore, supports the earlier argument that through an agency, individuals are not passive recipients of community outcomes. Through the agency, individuals are able to engage in cultural construction (Gutman 6). Another demonstration of agency is seen in babies. According to studies, babies construct their own personal goals. Children create their own personal worlds for achieving their goals; this is what makes the difference between children and subsequently, adults. If they were to adapt to the conditions that they found in the community i.e. culture and ideologies, then all children in the community could be the same. This could also mean that the adults from the children could also be the same. Children, therefore, exploit the meaning they derive from the pre-existing culture to build their own understanding of the world that later on helps them or destroys them as adults.  

The Geographical Origins of Ashfords Population in 1851 Essay

The Geographical Origins of Ashfords Population in 1851 - Essay Example The military men setup their schools, shops and churches .In the second half of 19th century Ashford cattle market was one of the greatest markets in south of England. Wool fleeces were collected and auctioned and hops were grown on large scale .After the introduction of railways, more than 2000 traders used to visit Ashford every harvest time (lambert).The Ashford then got divided into east and west union districts. Further, the east union district was split into 25 parishes, divided into three sub districts, whereas, the west union district comprised of 13 parishes divided into two sub districts (Pearman, 2012).The town of Ashford was established in 1849.before that it was a part of The Town of Auburn .This town has its roots in the 9th century. There are various manors that surround the town including Repton, Licktop, Esture and Wall is the prominent ones. (Pearman, 2012).Famous families continued their ownership in these manors and estates and later in 18th century declared Ashfo rd as a cheerful and neat town. Ashford continued to be an agriculture town and with the introduction of railways started becoming an attraction for migratory The railway company set up a society near the railway station .A factory for the repair of locomotive engines, residence for their workers and storage area for the railway carriages were constructed.   (Knight, 1850) There has been a parish workhouse erected with workshops, storehouses, a large yard, with every necessary implement (Pearman, 2012).

Cartel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cartel - Essay Example A cartel includes a secretive agreement between competing parties on total industry output levels, price fixing, credit conditions, and division of profits, bid rigging, discounts, customers, and areas to receive the supply, market shares, and/or businesses to win contracts (â€Å"Office of Fair Trading† 1). The main objectives of a cartel agreement are to inflate prices, increase individual profitability, and reduce competition in the industry. Cartels have adverse effects on the industry as they reduce choices, inflate market prices, and inhibit the overall economy (â€Å"Australian Competition and Consumer Commission† 1). As such, cartels are illegal in most countries and take place in secrecy where it is not easy to establish their existence. However, a cartel has less influence on an industry than a monopoly. A cartel can be local, national or international where ion the recent times cartels steal billions of dollars from the vulnerable customers every year ( "Australian Competition and Consumer Commission† 1). We can classify cartels into public and private cartels. The government takes place in a public cartel where it implements the cartel agreement and defends the cartel from any liability as it seeks to benefits all the citizens. On the other hand, a private cartel is illegal under the antitrust laws as it seeks to benefit only the parties in the cartel agreement to the disadvantage of everybody else. As such, the Competition Act, Article 101 TFEU of the EC Treaty, the Enterprise Act (â€Å"Office of Fair Trading† 1), and EU competition law prohibit cartels that allows for price fixing, market sharing, limitation of production or supply or bid rigging (â€Å"European Commission† 1). Nevertheless, we still have cartels in the world, which include the controversial Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which is the world's largest cartel under the protection of U.S. foreign trade laws. As such, base d on my understanding of a cartel, we can experience a cartel in different industries. This is because cartels can actually occur in almost any industry where it involves good or services at the manufacturing, distribution, or marketing levels. However, some industries are more prone to cartels compared to others because of their mode of operations or their organizational structure. Ideally, industries with few competitors, where the products have similar characteristics, where communication channels between competitors are already established, or where the industry is suffering from over supply are prone to cartels (â€Å"Office of Fair Trading† 1). More specifically, cartels usually take place in an oligopolistic industry where there are few sellers, barriers to entry, and homogeneous products. Like in most European nations, cartels are illegal in the United States of America. However, although many consider the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)as a carte l, the U.S. foreign trade laws protects it claiming it is an global organization with a legal, long-term, and significant objective. Nevertheless, cartels like drug cartels and all naked cartels are illegal in U.S. Notably, various agencies and legislations like the Competition and Consumer Act prohibits cartels under civil law and makes it a criminal offence for individuals and

His fiend-Like Queen is Malcolms View of Lady Macbeth at the End of the Play Essay Example for Free

His fiend-Like Queen is Malcolms View of Lady Macbeth at the End of the Play Essay Act 1 Scene 5 is the first scene where you see Lady Macbeth. In this scene we are told a lot about Lady Macbeths character and her relationship with husband, Macbeth. The scene opens with Lady Macbeth reading a letter from Macbeth, which brings our attention to two main points. Firstly, Lady Macbeth is literate, which was very unusual at the time and tells us that she may be a well-educated character. Secondly, it shows us that she is very close to her husband; it wasnt a common thing to write to your wife from the battlefield because many generals didnt have the time, but Macbeth has made the time to do this. The content of the letter also shows us a lot; Macbeth tells his wife everything that happened to him in his encounter of the witches, which shows us that he is able to trust his wife. In the letter Macbeth tells his wife that the witches said, Hail King that shalt be! When Lady Macbeth reads this her thoughts, just like Macbeths, jump straight to murder: that which rather thou dost fear to do/Than wishest should be done. Lady Macbeth is determined that Macbeth shall be king and never actually mentions what she will gain from this, Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be/What thou art promised. Lady Macbeth appears to know her husband well, yet do I fear thy nature, /It is too full o th milk of human kindness. This also tells us a lot about Lady Macbeth herself; even after Macbeth has been on the battlefield killing hundreds, most people would see the fact that he could come home and be kind as a great thing, but Lady Macbeth sees this as his weakness. This is thinking very much like the witches foul is fair, and fair is foul. Lady Macbeths character has many attributes, which may be associated with evil and which is, in turn, part of the witches characters. The first of these is the fact that Lady Macbeth is very manipulative: That I may pour my spirits in thine ear. She speaks of the Raven which is a bird associated with death. When she hears that Duncan will be coming to the castle she immediately thinks that this is the perfect opportunity to kill him, she refers to the fatal entrance of Duncan. She calls to the spirits for help: Come you spirits / That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here. make thick my blood, / Stop up th access and passage to remorse. Come to my womans breast/And take my milk for gall, In this speech she is asking the spirits to take her womanly tendencies away from her so that she is able to kill Duncan without feeling remorse and without those feminine feelings or attributes that may weaken her. In Shakespeares time witches were linked with the devil and gave away their femininity when they linked themselves to him, therefore when Lady Macbeth willingly asks for her feminine characteristics to be taken from her own body, she links herself to the supernatural, and therefore the witches. The speech also tells us that Lady Macbeth doesnt believe that she is normally able to kill someone; she thinks that this is the only way she will be able to do it and is trying to convince herself that she is evil throughout the scene. What is said in this speech is very similar to the one Macbeth makes, when he asks himself to not think about the treason and murder he is committing. This makes another link between Macbeth and his wife when Lady Macbeth says: Come thick night/And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell. This line shows us a lot, first that it reflects Macbeths, Let not light see my black and deep desires. The fact that she speaks of night links her to the witches, since night is the witches element. This line also links her subtly to the main dark themes of the play. Lady Macbeth has a very strong character and is very controlling, which was a characteristic uncommon at the time: and you shall put/This nights great business into my dispatch. She is taking everything into her own hands and seeing all the opportunities she has at that moment, but is failing to see further than that, to the consequences that may come about from her actions. In this scene Lady Macbeth does come across as having an evil nature. She is manipulative and is able to think about killing someone without much second thought, as well as able to link herself to the supernatural and destroy her feminine body in search of a greater power. In scene 6 Duncan arrives at Macbeths castle in Inverness. In this scene the first thing the reader realises once you have read it is the dramatic irony in it; Duncan says The air / Nimbly and Sweetly recommends itself/Unto our gentle senses and is talking about how nice the castle is when he is in fact very unsafe at Macbeths castle. This scene is also a very good example of Lady Macbeths deceiving abilities; she is sweet-talking Duncan and being kind, All our service, /In every point twice done then doubled and To make their audit at your Highness pleasure: she is being the perfect hostess. She is almost over doing the acting in the way she is flattering him so much, Still to return your own. Lady Macbeth is very two faced and hypocritical in this scene We rest your Hermits. She is taking up Duncans reference to prayer, How you shall bid God ild us for your pains, and this is hypocritical because of the prayers that she made to the spirits/That tend on mortal thoughts about taking away her womanly aspects. Scene 7 opens with Macbeth contemplating the plan to murder Duncan. He comes up with three strong reasons why he shouldnt kill him: First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, /Strong both against the deed; then, as his host, but there is still a present desire to be King. Lady Macbeth then comes into the scene and does not like what Macbeth is saying. She starts by putting him on the back foot by answering his questions with more questions: Macbeth: How now? What news? Lady Macbeth: He has almost supped. Why have you left the chamber? Macbeth: Hath he asked for me? Lady Macbeth: Know you not he has? This is where Macbeth tries to take charge and tells lady Macbeth [They] will proceed no further in this business and he tells her that he is happy, I have bought/ Golden opinions from all sorts of people. She doesnt take this into account and starts attacking. She starts by emotionally black mailing him, questioning his love for her, Such I account thy love, asking that, if he says that he wishes to be King and then take it back, how can she trust that he really does love her when he says it. She then attacks his ego, suggesting he is a coward even after he has come back from killing thousands of people on the battlefield: Wouldst thou have that/Which thou esteemst the ornament of life, /And live a coward in thine own esteem. She compares him to the cat, which would never go for the fish, Like the poor cat Ithage? She is asking him a rhetorical question, putting the thought into his head that he has the desire but not the guts to seize his dreams. She then attacks his manhood: What beast wast then? That made you break this enterprise to me? When you durst do it, then you were a man; / And to be more then what you were, you would be so much more the man. Then to prove her point further, and show us the length she is forcing herself mentally to convince herself she is truly evil, she presents this horrible image: How tendertis to love the babe that milks me-I would while it was smiling in my face Have plucked my nipple from its boneless gums, and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done. After this Lady Macbeth manages to sway Macbeth back to the murder with her certainty: Macbeth: If we should fail? Lady Macbeth: We fail? But screw your courage to the sticking-place, And well not fail. She is almost mocking him with the we fail? making him feel small with the suggestion of it. Then she asserts her control over him again with And well not fail. She then shows us how she is a practical by explaining her plan to Macbeth; His spongy officers, who shall bar the guilt / Of our great quell? This speech really convinces Macbeth to go through with the murder and proves once again that, at this point, Lady Macbeth really does have control over Macbeth. This scene shows that Lady Macbeth has many evil traits; she is manipulative and controlling. She is also a very practical woman with her plan. Act 2 Scene 2 opens up with a short soliloquy from Lady Macbeth and the content of this soliloquy is quite contradictory; whereas in Act 1 where Lady Macbeth comes across as very confident, here she says What hath quenched them hath given me fire suggesting that maybe she isnt a naturally confident person and is trying to be. She comes across as being nervous and jumpy, Hark! Peace! It was the owl that shrieked. She lacks confidence in her husband: Th attempt and not the deed Confounds us. Just from hearing Macbeth say, Whos there? What ho! she jumps to the conclusion they have failed in plan. Next we see a whole new side to Lady Macbeth Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had donet. This is proof that maybe Lady Macbeth has a heart and is not the cold heartless person she tries to make herself out to be. This is also an example of her stupidity; she doesnt make the connection between what she says and what she does. Lady Macbeth isnt a very understanding woman, another sign that she isnt very clever: when Macbeth comes in he is traumatized by what he has just done, instead of Lady Macbeth being caring and understanding she gets angry at him, Why did you bring these daggers from the place? They must lie there. Go carry them, and smear / The sleepy grooms with blood. When Macbeth looks at his bloody hands and says, This is a sorry sight. Lady Macbeth replies with A foolish thought, to say a sorry sight. That is also a sign of her practicality she is trying to get Macbeth to not dwell on his thoughts. Then there is also another sign of nervousness between them both with the short exchanges when they first meet: Macbeth: When? Lady Macbeth: Now. Macbeth: As I descended? Lady Macbeth: Ay. Lady Macbeth isnt very understanding at all of what her husband is going through and tells him, Consider it not so deeply. In act 2 scene 3 we see examples of Lady Macbeths practicality and ability to act. The scene opens with Macduff and Lennox entering, wishing to see the King and then finding him dead. Lady Macbeth enters and we see how her acting abilities are still strong, with her pretending she has no idea what has happened Whats the business, and it comes across that she genuinely doesnt seem to have an idea about what is going on. There is the irony of Macduff calling her, O gentle lady, when earlier we are given these horrible images by her, And dashed the brains out. She then manages to keep up the charade by coming across as horrified by the death of the King, Woe, alas! / What, in our house? Macbeth then enters and starts to give these flowery speeches: The wine of life is drawn, and his gashed stabs looked like a breach in nature: when these are compared to the initial reaction of Macduff, O horror, horror, horror! they appear to be prepared. Lady Macbeth can see this and sees how this is getting her husband into deeper trouble and she faints, drawing the attention away from her husband, another example of Lady Macbeths practicality and affection for her husband, she wishes to protect him. It is also possible that the vivid descriptions her husband has given, His silver skin laced with his golden blood, has really shown to her what they have done and the shock of this may have caused her to faint. It may have also been due to shock in the change of her husband, before this he was a wreck at the thought of what he had done: I am afraid to think what I have done. now he is able to lie with apparent ease, talking about the man he murdered so highly, and the guards he murdered while they were still sleeping. She scared at what her husband has become. By the end of act 2 we have seen cracks in Lady Macbeths visage, she is not as strong as she believes she is and she lacks the imagination to see this. In Act 3 Macbeth is now King and Lady Macbeth is the queen. The scene opens with Banquos soliloquy, then the full royal court entering and Lady Macbeth greets Banquo with great gusto, If he had been forgotten, / It had been as a gap in our great feast. After there has been much chatter between Macbeth and Banquo, Banquo leaves and Macbeth dismisses everyone including his Dearest love: before he was always with her and needed her opinion on decision and she was very much in control. Is this a suggestion that Macbeth doesnt feel he needs her guidance now or is he trying to be the man Lady Macbeth tried to suggest he wasnt? She must being feeling rather insignificant now and most probably hurt that after what they had just done that he could dismiss her like that. Act 3 scene 2 opens with Lady Macbeth asking permission to see her husband, Say to the King, I would attend his leisure / For a few words. This is very strange because before Lady Macbeth would never have had to ask to see her husband. Does this mean she has lost the power she had over her husband and isnt in control like she use to be? We then see that Lady Macbeth isnt the evil person she made herself out to be; we see she is hurting from what has happened: Tis safer to be that which we destroy, / Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy. Macbeth then enters and Lady Macbeth forgets about her worries and starts trying to comfort Macbeth, whats done is done. But she isnt taking her own advice, she is, without content. Macbeth then talks about his torment and uses this vivid imagery, O full of scorpions is my mind, Macbeth then drops hints that something is going to happen, there shall be done / A deed of dreadful note. In this same speech Macbeths also uses the imagery of creatures associated with evil and death: The shard-borne beetle so we can assume he is talking about the plan to kill Banquo. Lady Macbeth is properly feeling very confused at this point, before Macbeth included her in all the discussions and now she has no idea what he is talking about, Whats to be done? So by the end of this scene we have truly seen the soft and feminine side to Lady Macbeth: we have also seen the first signs of her coming collapse. We have seen examples of her love for Macbeth by casting aside her own worries to try to look after him. The first key point about Act 3 scene 4 is the notable change in Lady Macbeths behaviour. In Act 1 she was very welcoming and talkative with her guests coming across as being a strong character but is this scene she has lost this strong visage, she has to be prompted to welcome her guests, Our hostess keeps her state, but in best time / We will require her welcome. After this though we are able to see some of Lady Macbeths old characteristics, when Macbeth is distracted with talking to the Murderers, Lady Macbeth notes that he is away too long and reminds him he is holding a dinner, You do not give the cheer, an example of her practicality. Soon after Macbeth he rejoins the dinner he mental state deteriorates, when he sees Banquos ghost. Lady Macbeth steps in here with her practicality and tries to bring her husband back while passing off his madness as having some sort of fit: My lord is often thus, / And hath been from his youth She is finally able to bring him back by attacking his ego again by repeating the line, Are you a man? She is then fairly harsh to Macbeth mocking what he said earlier in the play, This is the air-drawn dagger which you said / Led you to Duncan. We see her lack of imagination, You look but on a stool. She is still unable to understand why Macbeth is suffering. Lady Macbeth is then able to bring Macbeth back to reality, where he starts acting normal but then mentions Banquo again, this sets Macbeth off again as the ghost reappears and he goes mad. Lady Macbeth steps in once again with her practicality and gets rid of the court so she can attend to her husband and before he is able to say to much about the murders, Stand not upon the order of your going. / But go at once. When the rest of the court has left, Lady Macbeth changes: her answers become short. At some point she must have realised what Macbeth had been seeing, changing how she was. Is her quietness a response to what Macbeth has become? She believed that this would only take one murder, and now Macbeth has murdered four times. She must be feeling scared, before she was very much in charge and now Macbeth is fully in control and not asking her opinions. There is already the idea of another murder in his head: Strange things I have in head, That will to hand; / Which must be acted ere they may be scanned. By the end of this act you can see Lady Macbeth is scared and she has lost the control she had over her husband. She isnt the strong character she was in Acts 1 and 2 only her practicality is left. Act 5 scene 1 is when Lady Macbeth has finally gone mad. Shakespeare gives little indication of time in the play, but from what we can gather a fair amount of time has passed, and over this time we can tell that he mental state has deteriorated. The scene starts off by telling us that Lady Macbeth has been sleeping walking and going through the routine of writing a letter, then reading it. I believe this refers to the letter she received from Macbeth about the witches; the letter which started the whole affair off. I think that subconsciously she is wishing for everything to go back to that moment so none of this ever happened. She enters sleep walking carrying a candle and the gentlewoman says that Lady Macbeth has, light by her / continually, tis her command. This is ironic because earlier in the play Lady Macbeth says, pall thee in thy dunnest smoke of hell. So after wishing not to see the light she cant bare to be without it. There is then more irony in this scene, Out damned spot, out I say! she is unable to wash the blood from her hands and to Macbeth earlier she says: A little water will clear us of this deed. She almost repeats Macbeths, Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hands?: with the smell of the blood still; all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. We can see now that she always did understand what her husband was saying, but on a subconscious level: she lacked the imagination to understand when conscious. Earlier in Macbeth Lady Macbeth asked: Come thick night / and pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, and now she says, Hell is Murky. It appears that she is now in her own hell and it is terrifying. Throughout the scene there is more imagery of blood, we have Lady Macbeth mocking Macbeth about being upset about killing Duncan, now she is saying: Who would have thought the man has so much blood in him. At first she acted as if she was fine and didnt have a conscience, we now see that everything had built up and has been affecting her: The Thane of Fife had a wife; where is she now? What, will these hands neer be clean? She is even suffering for the murders she had nothing to do with. After reading Macbeth and carefully analysing Lady Macbeths actions throughout I think we are able to feel some pity for Lady Macbeth. I think she can be blamed partly for the Tragedy of Macbeth because she did push her husband to commit the murder, but we do not fully see what her motivation for this was. My view is that she was mainly doing what she thought her husband deserved because it is obvious through the play that she is deeply in love with Macbeth. Also taking into consideration the time the play is set was it not Macbeths place to stick with what he originally felt and tell her that they would not murder the King? I think pity grows towards her as the play goes on; as the reader you can see a change in her character, which quite clearly shows us that she never intended for Macbeth to become theevil tyrant he did become. Another reason for her to be pitied is that you can see she is in pain and suffering but she ignores this to try and comfort her husband who is more open about his suffering. This drives Lady Macbeth crazy in the end, and the idea that she died because of her love for her husband is tragic. This is why I think Malcolms view of lady Macbeth, His fiend-Like Queen is unfair towards her and that it was Macbeths place to have put a stop to the murder which eventually led to both of their deaths.

Quality Management at McDonalds

Quality Management at McDonalds QUALITY MANGEMENT OF McDonald’s –  A CASE STUDY Quality management is the management of activities and functions which are involved in determination of quality policy and its implementation. It ensures that the relevant organization, product or service is consistent. The four main components of quality management are quality planning, quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement. The aim of quality management is not only to focus on product and service quality, but also pay attention to the different ways to achieve it. The main principals of quality management as defined by International Standard for Quality Management (ISO 9001:2008) and other organizations are following: Customer focus Leadership Process approach Involvement of people Benchmarking Continuous improvement System approach to management Factual approach to decision making Mutually beneficial supplier relationship In this work, a detailed analysis of quality management of McDonald’s is presented. The report include the history, strategy, quality control and the supplies , logistics and inventory management of the stated company. McDonald’s HISTORY McDonald’s Corporation was established in 1940s (McDonald’s, 2014). It was the only fast food industry in the whole world who has started a chain system in global market. The main menu of McDonald’s includes some of the global world renowned foods like Big Quarter Pounder, French Fries and Chicken Nuggets. In breakfast they serve Sausage McMuffin with egg. Today it is one of the famous and leading food service retailer. IT has more than 35,000 local food chains (restaurants) in more than 100 different countries (McDonald’s, 2014). The total employees of McDonald’s are approximately 1.9 million and it serves more than 70 million customers every day around the world (McDonald’s, 2014) (Steve, Dudley, Hazen, 2012). A pictorial description of quick facts of McDonald’s is shown in Fig. 1. The corporation has distributed sale approach and more than 80% of its restaurants are ran by independent and local distributors. The restaurant was start ed by only two brothers Dick and McDonald’s in 1940, they were beginners but now McDonald’sCorporations is one the main stakeholder of fast food industry of today world. The beauty of this chain is that they did not only sale their main products but they also change the product type and its ingredients according to the local country or region requirement. Also every year they introduce new products and schemes to attract their customers. Their recent menu includes a wide range of Burgers Sandwiches, Chicken Fish, various Breakfast options, Salads, Snacks Sides, Beverages, and Desserts Shakes (McDonald’s, 2014). For competing and to be a main stakeholder of today competitive international market, McDonald’s is using an operational management system (William, 2008). Figure 1 Quick overview of McDonald’sCorporation COMPANY STRATEGY The brand mission of McDonald’sis â€Å"To be our customer’s favorite place and way to eat and drink† (McDonald’s, 2014). The global world operations of McDonald’sare aligned around the worldwide strategy called â€Å"The Plan to Win†. This strategy is centered on the best exceptional experience for the customers. The organization follows the motive of â€Å"People, Products, Place, Price and Promotion† (McDonald’s, 2014). McDonald’s wants to become the world’s best quick service fast food chain which provides high quality food to its each and every customer every time, in a clean environment with extraordinary service and great values. The adopted strategies by McDonald’s are differentiation and cost leadership strategies (Operations Management in McDonald’s, 2014). McDonald’s is committed to its people. It provides equal opportunity to each employee. They develop leaders and reward them according to their achievements. This firm believes that a team of well-trained individuals with different background and experiences, working together in a competitive environment with high level of commitment is their key to success. QUALITY CONTROL McDonald’s has a set of management teams for the inspection of food item quality and their control for the successful business. Quality service and quality control are properly checked by the management team. The quality management team deals with the quality service and quality control as given below. Quality service The food- The quality of meat, bun, vegetables etc should be good and up to the standard. The Employees- The quality management team has a look at the timing, neat dress and cleanliness of an employee. The team work is always preferred in the McDonald’s to get maximum benefits. The Restaurant- The management team looks that the restaurant should be clean, tidy and sparking. While they also tried to provide the fast, accurate and friendly service. Quality control The quality management team makes it sure to fulfill the basic criteria set for the operation of McDonald’s. They also listen and get feedback from the customer to make their business improve. They also have a relationship with the scientific community to provide best and safe food among the people. They tried to have solutions for special health issues among children, and prepare a hygienic food for them. There is no compromise on quality and quality control, the one of the reason for the successful development of McDonald’s all around the world. The inspection is done on all McDonald’s franchise and it is also a part of their strategy. HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point)is the applied system of McDonald’s to keep nice and good food items to the customers. The quality management team also looks at the diet contents and nutrition of each food items and is given in Table 1. The health related issues are handled by the quality management team and nutrition is properly controlled. Table 1 Nutrition of McDonald’s food. SWOT ANALYSIS The pictorial description of SWOT is shown in Figure 2. On the basis of environmental analysis of McDonald’s, the structural analysis of fast food industry, and the assessment of internal resources of the company, following strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are there for McDonald’s: Figure 3 SWOT description    (S)trengths McDonald’s holds a very strong brand name worldwide. They have large partnerships with other companies that provide them with their desired products; this increases the goodwill of the company. McDonald’s is one of the most reputed firms who are socially responsible. Self-service criteria save a lot of cost. Loyal employees management customer are their biggest strength. McDonald’s makes sure that cultural regional barriers are kept in mind while providing food to different countries. Clean environment and play areas for children where they can enjoy their time. (W)eaknesses The weakness that hits the list of employee turnover rate. Every year many of their employees are fired out of the restaurant. McDonald’s mostly advertises products and food items that targets children. Health conscious people often complain that they do not provide us with the organic and healthy food. This becomes their weakness when they get in the complaints. They also face quality issue at times. This affects the business as they are running the outlet worldwide, if one franchise gets affected others also get a bad name. (O)pportunities It can open up online services for their customers so that they can easily order their desired meals sitting at home. Discounts given on every food item may help them gain more customers. They can go for a joint venture with the retailers they work with. They can introduce healthy hamburgers and healthy drinks for the people who are health conscious. In order to be environment friendly, they can use packing material which can be recycled later or material that does not create pollution. (T)hreats Emerging competition of similar outlets is becoming a problem for McDonald’s. Health issue also becomes a problem when it comes to food. As it is a multinational food outlet, fluctuations in the currency of other countries becomes a problem for such companies. Recession in any country would definitely affect the whole outlet worldwide. People facing heart problems and obesity accuse McDonald’s for not providing them with the healthy food. They have a threat of local food outlets in different countries. McDonald’s is operating in a fully-fledged economy where competition is increasing day by day therefore they should work effectively to overcome their drawbacks because of the recession. Recommendations Reduction of employee training spending (lowering employee turnover). In order to reduce of employee training spending and to lower turnover, I would like to suggest: To give the job just for highly motivated people. It means, that they are going to be loyal and not to leave job so fast; New employees would be trained by employees, who are working longer. In this way, company reduces training spending, new employees are trained by the people, who are working inside the company and do the same things every day. To motivate employees and always take care about their expectations. It can be money premiums for good working in the end of the month (or year), some employees parties, ’’Employee of the week (month)’’ competition. To make a line of organic food in their menu and take a look what is more popular and healthy for their customers. If it is going more popular than usual menu food, it is more worth to make all food in organic way, even it is more expensive. First of all, people like what is natural, and then they are interested in the price. To make big advertisement companies declaring organic food pluses and make it more popular in such way. Many people loves McDonald’s food, so it has an authority and can show good example of necessity of organic food in people life and compare how organic and usual McDonald’s food effect customers’ health and all the nature about them. Advantages of human health problems (improvement of products) McDonald’s is big food supplying company, and all of us know, how food affects our health. It is one of the main factors, what built our body and strength our brains. Knowing that, McDonald’s should: Suggest just high quality, improved products, which is full of vitamins and minerals. So, it means that the company must improve their products, all the food must be certificated and fit for all healthy food standards. Be in a contact with suppliers, who supply products for McDonald’s food and always check if the products is natural, high standard and healthy for all of age customers. Contact with doctors, scientist and improve their products to fit for all of age customers, even they have some problems with their stomach. It means to make measures and find what the best is for all possible customers. More Healthy Choices McDonald’s should develop menu choices that are healthy and socially acceptable. It is possible to develop a menu that people will enjoy and that also fits into the original â€Å"Speedy Service† model the company introduced in the 1950’s. Use local food sources where possible. Using local sources decreases the time to market, and also decreases the use of fuel to transport goods. Increase presence in Asian countries McDonald’s has most certainly had a profound effect on China. When the first McDonald’s opened in Beijing more than a dozen years ago, 40,000 people lined up to observe a Big Mac and get their picture taken with the infamous Ronald McDonald. McDonald’s is growing faster in China than in the United States. McDonald’s owns operates more than 600 stores across 105 cities in China. More than 100 more McDonald’s stores will be added annually to Chinese cities within the coming years. CONCLUSIONS McDonald’s is operating in Pakistan as very profitable organization. In this project we struggled to study the management behaviour of McDonald’s starting from its history to its vision and mission statements in which explained the historical of McDonald’s of how it entered Pakistan’s market and the expansion of its business in various cities. Moreover we also explained about its and services which are offered in Pakistan by McDonald’s as their revenue generating products and services. I addition to that we researched all their product line. We also explained the organizational structure of McDonald’s. In that we explained the hierarchal structure of McDonald’s. As a gigantic organization of the world need to build their strong organizational structure so does McDonald’s. Its works on the basis of vertical and horizontal coordination. All the executives from up to the lower management on making it a successful organization.

The Israeli and Palestinian Gaza Conflict Essay -- International Conf

Broad international consensus regarding the political and legal controversies of the Israeli and Palestinian Gaza conflict has been minimal at best. At its worst it has fueled the controversies created by the United Nations Fact Finding Mission, through which, both sides maintain their positions and justification for their actions. In ordered to obtain an opinion on this issue one must examine the factual historical background of the Gaza Conflict. By identifying the major legal and political discrepancies, observing the perspectives of those who defend Israeli actions, and those who have a strong critique against those actions we can grasp the complexity of this issue and make an assessment of actions on both sides. In 2005 Israel withdrew forces from the Gaza Strip but did so with conditions toward Palestinian authorities. It must put an end to terror tactics in and around Israeli territory. This seemed a promising step toward Palestinian and Israeli peace until 2006 when the political group Hamas took power and declared that it would not recognize the existence of Israel. It rejected the Oslo Accords and Arab Peace Initiative and separated itself from negotiating with Israel. Since coming to power Hamas had openly advocated for attacks against Israel. In 2007 Hamas’s influence spread to the Gaza Strip, that same year Israel implemented a blockade that crippled Gaza’s economic activity which raised ethical and moral political questions in the international community. In early 2008, after many mortars and rockets were fired across the border into Israel, the air force and defense forces retaliate taking the lives of many Palestinian civilians and militants. Israeli defense officia ls viewed these attacks as Hamas breaking the P... ...onflict have been addressed legally, although they have not been respected by either side which hinders the legitimacy of international authority. A major problem that I have observed is the inability of the United Nations Security Council to ascribe certainty to all laws broken and provide punishment to both sides. This lack of legal authority will continue to plague the progress both politically and within the legal institutions being used to approach the situation. Resolution and absolution of the definitions and particulates of these major issues are necessary to achieve lasting peace in the region and eventual coexistence. Works Cited Alan Dershowitz â€Å"The Case Against the Goldstone Report† â€Å"The UN Gaza Report: A Substantive Critique† Ambassador Dore Gold Noura Erakat â€Å"It’s Not Wrong, It’s Illegal† â€Å"United Nations Fact Finding Mission† Richard Goldstone

Impact of Electric Vehicles Essays -- Environment, Energy, Global Clim

Today, energy security and global climate change are two major problems affecting people and the environment worldwide (IEA, 2010). These problems are highly integrated with each other and mitigating global climate change without affecting the energy security is becoming a significant challenge for many governments and policy makers in the twenty-first century (Brown & Sovacool, 2011). In recent years, energy security has become a major concern in many jurisdictions with increasing energy demand, rising energy costs, and energy production and supply issues (IEA, 2010). According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy security can be described as, â€Å"the uninterrupted physical availability at a price which is affordable, while respecting environment concerns† (IEA, 2011). The global demand for energy is rapidly growing with increasing human population, urbanization and modernization across the world (Asif & Muneer, 2008). In the past two decades, the global primary energy consumption had increased by 45 %, and it is expected to continue to grow by 39 % over the next two decades (BP, 2011). Today, fossil fuels – notably oil, gas and coal, are the major sources of primary energy to meet the world energy requirements. In 2008, nearly 81% of the global primary energy needs were met by fossil fuels, representing oil - 33.2 %; coal - 27%, and natural gas - 21.1% [ref]. The fossil fuels accounted for the greatest share of global primary energy supply and the rest is met by hydro, nuclear, biomass, geothermal, wind and solar. According to the World Energy Outlook (WEO) 2011 Golden Age of Gas (GAS) scenario, fossil fuel supplies will continue to be the dominant energy sources and account for more than half of the increase of ... ...ain consistency of the analysis. †¢ Equal allocation: In this approach, it is assumed that the generated wind electricity is equally allocated to all the EVs regardless of individual requirements. †¢ Demand allocation: In this approach, it is assumed that the generated wind electricity is allocated to each EV based on its respective demand, such that charging the EVs with higher demand is preferred to charging the EVs with lower demand. This research also considers the effect of introducing electric vehicles for weekday commuting purposes in passenger transportation and discusses the overall carbon impact of commuting; the results are extrapolated for various commuting distances. This research work used Prince Edward Island, specifically the city of Summerside, as a case study, but the general approach can be applied to other cities, provinces or regions.

Extremist Group Essay

Makenssey Brinkman Mr. Feudo English 1 Pre-AP – 6th 22 April 2010 The Dangers of The Extremes Extremist groups go above and beyond to get what they want. They go to extreme measures, even disregarding people’s safety and turning groups against each other to reach their goal. They are a great hazard to mankind. Despite the fact that people have the right of free speech and assembly, the banning of Extremist groups will better society because they promote hate and violence and turn people against each other. Topic Sentence 1) Extremist groups shower hate all over the groups of people who oppose them, and they become relentless in their attempt to do so. (Evidence 1) – â€Å"Anti-choicers harassed [George Tiller’s] patients, day in and day out. They bombed his clinic. They shot him once before. They filed lawsuit after lawsuit and even convinced local prosecutors to launch criminal investigations and trials. † (Analysis 1) – The Extremist pro-li fe group attacked the abortion doctor with hate.By harassing his patients and trying to convince prosecutors to go against him, they set a solid, horrid example for others that do not share the same views as Tiller. These hateful attacks ultimately led to Tiller’s murder by gun at The Reformation Lutheran Church. (Evidence 2) – â€Å"To recruit members and spread its beliefs, the American Front has collaborated with various neo-Nazi and skinhead groups to stage protests and rallies that demonize Jews, blacks, and other minorities. (Analysis 2) – Just to try and get members into the group, the Extremist group staged many protests and minorities put down many minor groups, They promoted hate into the people who listened to and watched them as they did so, and therefore spreading the hate all they could. (Example 3) – â€Å"Anti-Semites and racists have found video-sharing websites, such as YouTube and MySpace Video, an effective means to promote propagand a and hateful material that might not otherwise be seen by the public.Internet users who search video-sharing sites will often find anti-Semitic and racist videos when looking for information completely unrelated to the videos due to misleading tags and titles that extremists attach to the videos when uploading them to the sites. † (Analysis 3) – Extremist group are using the internet to spread hatred of other groups worldwide. By doing so, it makes it even easier for them to promote the hate and then hide the evidence if their website or video is caught. This must be stopped. Topic Sentence 2) Extremist groups use violence in reaching their goals and emphasizing the point they are trying to make. (Example 1) – â€Å"On June 10, 2009, a white supremist who believed it was â€Å"time to kill the Jews† took his gun to the Holocaust museum in Washington, D. C. , and stated shooting upon entering. † (Analysis 1) – In believing he was doing the ri ght thing, this Extremist tried to make his point by attacking the Holocaust victims museum. By attacking this museum, he made a big stand by basically showing with his violence that he supported what happened in the Holocaust. Example 2) – â€Å"[ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna)] has waged a relentless campaign of violence against the Spanish state, targeting politicians, policemen, judges, and soldiers. In 1980 alone, ETA was blamed for 118 deaths, and in 1995 it nearly succeeded in assassinating Jose Maria Aznar, then leader of the opposition, now Spain’s prime minister. † (Analysis 2) – The Extremist group ETA is taking their beliefs to an extreme extent. By killing and trying to assassinate a respected leader, they are using the violence to try and scare off and weaken their opposition. Example 3) – â€Å"Since 1977, there have been at least 17 attempted murders, 383 death threats, 153 incidents of assault or battery and three kidnappings committe d against abortion providers in North America. † (Analysis 3) – These are solid facts that exemplify all of the violence that have taken place from just one Extremist group. The groups cause pain and suffering in North America, and they feel as though using violence is one of the only ways to get their point across. (Topic Sentence 3) – Along with all the hate and violence that these groups reate, Extremist groups try tearing people further apart with their actions and words. (Example 1) – â€Å"The Kach movement was most famous for its platform calling for the removal of the entire Israeli-Arab population from Israel and transferring them â€Å"elsewhere. †Ã¢â‚¬  (Analysis 1) – The Jewish Defense League is another Extremist group that prizes themselves over all people. By trying to kick the Israeli-Arab population out of their homeland so they can take over, they cause horrible tensions between the people. These tensions would almost most certainly lead to more hate and more violence. Example 2) – â€Å"One man from Brockton, Massachusetts – who told police he had learned on white supremacist websites that a genocide was under way against whites – is charged with murdering two black people and planning to kill as many Jews as possible on the day after Obama's inauguration. † (Analysis 2) – By using the internet as a source to get to people, the Extremist groups have given false information and got what they wanted from it. They scared the man into believing that he was in danger, so he decided to take action and go against the other races. (Example 3) –

Precarious Employment Essay

This essay will discuss why young people are two to three times more likely than adults to find themselves unemployed and why the problem is rapidly growing in almost every region of the world. Although young people today are the most educated generation ever, both industrialised and developing countries are failing to increase employment opportunities for them. The lack of opportunities is of course linked to the general state of the economy and employment situation but it is also a result of the mismatches between the skills young people possess and the skills required by the labour market. All of these factors can lead to long periods of unemployment, job seeking or low skilled and precarious work, which are not only detrimental to young people but impact heavily on economies and society in general. (ILO tackling youth unemployment) Globalisation Globalisation and technological advances have been changing labour markets around the world. Young workers are facing new challenges in making the transition from school to work (Elizabeth Morris 2003). Globalisation is changing the distribution of power and gains and has raised questions about legitimacy and sustainability. Inadequate attention to the human side of globalisation has created a gap in understanding its impact on life and work (International Labour Office). Economics The 1980s and 1990s saw the most profound transformation of Australian public policy since World War II and in that it fundamentally reworked a framework in place since Federation (Castles et al 1996; Kelly 1994). This transformation was underwritten by two principles: liberalism – the view that citizens are autonomous individual actors whose interests are best served when they are free from coercive government interventions into individual action (Yeatman 2000); and marketisation – the belief that free markets are arenas which best enable individual autonomy and produce efficient outcomes (Marginson 1997). These principles define ‘neoliberalism’ or ‘hard liberalism’ (Argy 2003). How have these policy changes affected Australia? An advocate would say it created improved economic outcomes greater market efficiencies, less public expenditure less reliance on social welfare and more individual choice. For a critic it increases inequality, corrodes quality of life and produces an atomised society in which individuals are culturally disconnected from one another and fundamental social institutions (Pusey 2003; Saunders 2002:8-12, ch 2). The primary arguments for neoliberalism are economic, mostly that a free market is necessary for economic, employment and income growth (Kenworthy 2004). However, with the structural changes that have occurred the nature of work has changed with greater casualisation, more part-time work at the cost of full-time employment along with changes in working conditions such as irregular working hours. Income inequality has increased (Saunders 2003). The government has encouraged individuals to be responsible for their own welfare. The market was seen as a more efficient distributor of resources than the state. Skills and Knowledge In an increasingly globalised, competitive and rapidly changing economy the skills and knowledge of young people are becoming more and more important to existing businesses, and are necessary to those wishing to set up their own successful business. It is crucial that young people get a decent basic education and have the skills and qualities needed for work. Numeracy and literacy skills are key to a well-functioning business environment, with information and communication technology (ICT) and enterprise skills (such as business administration, sales and marketing, and so on) not to be underestimated. In particular the teaching of entrepreneurial skills and attributes and behaviours is often not properly integrated into school curricula or not adequately taught on different educational levels. Most education systems still teach only traditional values rather than independent thinking and acting, risk-taking and self-reliance. Moreover, an academic approach to education nurtures skills that are appropriate to working in the public sector or large organizations and companies, are not the key skills needed to start an entrepreneurial career. Youth regardless of their origin have dreams, hopes and aspirations. They carry with them many qualities: â€Å"relevant and recent education and training; enthusiasm, hope and new ideas; willingness to learn and be taught; openness to new skills and technology; realistic expectations on entry into the labour market; mobility and adaptability; and represent a new generation to meet the challenge in countries with an ageing workforce. † (Resolution concerning youth employment, 2005). Yet youth throughout the world encounter barriers in making transitions from school to work. Frequently their full potential is not realised because they do not have access to appropriate jobs (United Nations General Assembly, 2000). Work and Employment Previously factories, offices and shops employed a large part of the working population. Now, computer based technology produces more goods, processes more office work and oversees more sales than ever before, while utilising fewer and fewer people especially teenagers (Stevenson). Traditionally young people with little working experience have filled unskilled jobs and due to technical and organisational changes in the workforce these positions have disappeared. There have been substantial declines in the construction, manufacturing and transport industries over the last decade. The total proportion of the workforce employed in the three industry divisions has declined from 28. 7 per cent to 24. 8 per cent in the ten years (Stevenson). Despite initiatives by government to tackle the problem, youth unemployment has remained at a high level. The teenage labour market has been in long term decline since 1965 when teenage unemployment stood at 2. 6 per cent. By 1975 teenage unemployment has risen almost fivefold to 12. 9 per cent, and, although volatile, it has risen ever since(Stevenson, Brian). Given the differences young people have they still face common barriers – lack of experience, disparity between their skills and the demands of labour markets and insufficient information and advice. Youth experience business barriers because they usually have less access to resources and credit. It can also be typical to experience some level of discrimination in regard to age, sex, ethnicity, race, culture, health, family status and other factors (Global Employment Trends BRIEF, 2006). Difficulties such as this can make it take a lot longer for young people to find employment. It is not unusual for those entering the workforce for the first time to expect a delay. However, if an extended period of unemployment occurs it can have serious consequences for young people including a loss in production and an increase in poverty. It is easy to become discouraged and frustrated leading to the young person giving up in their search for employment. Others continue in the education system for longer than they intended. Therefore, giving young people a chance to achieve decent employment early in their working life would help avoid a vicious circle of unemployment or underemployment, poor working conditions and social exclusion (Morris, Elizabeth 2003). In a weak labour market where jobs are scarce and competition among job seekers is savage it is difficult for anyone to cope with job loss. For disadvantaged youth without basic education, failure to find a first job or keep it for long can have negative long-term consequences on their career prospects that some experts refer to as â€Å"scarring†. Looking past the negative effects on future wages and employability, long spells of unemployment for the young person can often create permanent scars through the harmful effects on a number of other outcomes, including happiness, job satisfaction and health, many years later (ACCI Leading Australian Business, 2010). Precarious Work Young people are continually finding, employment is precarious and may not provide an income sufficient to cover basic necessities. Even if young people are employed, they often find themselves in low-paying temporary jobs with not many protections. Demands for a flexible workforce and the increased use of casual, part-time and temporary employment contracts have heightened the sense of insecurity and risk. More and more young people are working in an informal economy, where they earn low wages and are often experience poor or even exploitative working conditions. The increased use of short-term contracts is another indicator of deteriorating conditions in the youth labour market, as young workers are more likely than older workers to receive and accept this type of offer (World Labour Report, 2000). High levels of youth unemployment are always a source of concern because of the profound impact unemployment has on young people’s lives. Studies of young people show that unemployment leads to a reduction in self-esteem and diminished levels of well-being. Youth unemployment turns problematic when it becomes long-term and when it leaves young people without the means to provide for their basic needs. Around the world, the boundaries between the formal and informal economy are becoming increasingly blurred, and much of the economic activity of young people is taking place in the intermediary zone. The informalisation of work is a global phenonomen, with an increasing number of new jobs being created in the informal economy. The proliferation of informal sector employment is problematic in that these jobs tend to be characterised by lower wages and productivity as well as unsafe working conditions. The forms of precarity seem to be ever expanding, as employers constantly uncover new ways to circumvent regulations or find loopholes in regulations to increase the profitability of their business at the expense of their employees. In the most general sense, precarious work is a means for employers to shift risks and responsibilities on to workers. It is work performed in the formal and informal economy and is characterised by variable levels and degrees of objective (legal status) and subjective (feeling) characteristics of uncertainty and insecurity. Although a precarious job can have many faces, it is usually defined by uncertainty as to the duration of employment, multiple possible employers or a disguised or ambiguous employment relationship, a lack of access to social protection and benefits usually associated with employment, low pay, and substantial legal and practical obstacles to joining a trade union and bargaining collectively. The result is a condition in which workers cannot plan for their future, and lack the security of certain forms of social protection. Precarious work is also characterised by insufficient or even a total absence of trade union rights. Precarious work has a deep impact on individuals and societies. Over the past years, economic crises and turbulences on the financial markets have lead to wide spread anxiety among workers. Increasing rates of unemployment and precarious work arrangements deteriorate the quality of working and living conditions. The normalisation of precarious work is already showing its deeply damaging impacts on society at large. In general, it leaves workers and communities in unstable and insecure situations, disrupting their life planning options. More concretely, precarious workers are found to suffer a higher rate of occupational safety and health issues. Precarious work deprives people of the stability required to take long-term decisions and plans in their lives. Unemployment and precarious jobs have left a young generation hard pressed to see a bright future. The risk of losing financial independence and having to rely on lower social welfare payouts can lead to further social exclusion. It is not surprising therefore that youth are also more likely to fear losing their jobs. Characteristics of precarious work such as anxiety and income and employment insecurity limit long-term planning especially among the young. Young workers very often accept bad working conditions and salaries on a subsistence level. Many of them do not even have working contracts, placing them beyond the reach of social security systems. Consequently the population under 25 runs the risk of falling into poverty and social exclusion. At the same time, according to the flexibility ideology, they need to ensure their â€Å"employability† and have to constantly develop new skills. It is obvious in this context that privileges of the young from ‘higher classes’ lead to the fortification of the class divide. Hardest hit by social exclusion are the young people from the lower classes. Unemployment and material hardship in the family make insecurity part of their everyday life. For low skilled workers†McJobs† without training lead to an inevitable dead end. The lack of prospects, apathy, and resignation become normal. The precarious nature of the employment relationship itself can cause precarious workers to experience poor emotional and mental health. It creates conditions of deprivation and a lack of social cohesion that often lead to social unrest and resentment. Society needs to create a pathway to a world where decent work is no longer a goal, but a reality. Conclusion In conclusion, the causes of youth unemployment can be analysed at different levels, but it is certain that globalisation and technological advances have had a profound impact on labour markets throughout the world; and young people, as new workers, have faced a number of challenges and difficulties associated with these developments. However, it must be remembered that access to productive and decent work is the best way young people can realise their aspirations, improve their living conditions and actively participate in society. Decent work for young people means not only significant benefits in terms of increased wealth, but is also commonly associated with a commitment to democracy, security and political stability. Decent work can thus strengthen both the economy and wider civil society.