Effect of Globalization on Arabic Culture

strength of globalization on Arabic CultureGlobalization may be defined as the devise of social, sparing, political, technological, heathen arrangement and procedures resulting from the altering characteristic of production, demand and marketing of products and run which includes the base of multinational political economies. These changes or alteration are multinational and transnational dynamics which pose great impact on the last objective accomplishment in the determination of business environment, global great deal regulations etc (Globalisation). There are four key features of globalization which are as followsGlobalization is the integration of various(a) national economies into global market.It transits the economy from full(prenominal) volume in to high value it is possible done amplification in the number of exhaustive products and services information.It vanish the traditional collide of capitalism and socialism and bipolarity.It leads to the configuration and integration of new business bond (Globalisation).Introduction to Arabic CultureThe Arabs are considered as the ethnic host of the great unwashed, we nates identify them from their conventional cultural values, language and ancestral civilization. The fund of Arab sight is from Arabia and their master language was Semitic being Semites. The Arab Culture comprises of the rummy features of Arabian tidy sum including language, food, raimenting musical rules, rites and rituals, deities, music, dance, art and craft, literature, social structures etc. The verse Composition is a unique feature of Arabian literature which has been revealed through the holy Quran. Arabian music prefers melody and rhythm in equality to harmony. The Arabian Cuisines were prepared mostly by rice, barley, dates, and meat and yoghurt products. The dress ups of Arabian people provides them unique indistinguishability in the world, the Arabian women utilisation to wear robes and always prefer to cover their hairs and faces, and Arabian men as well wear robes along with the turbans (Najjar, 2005).Effect on LanguageLanguage is considered to be the most prominent part of any conclusion beca hold people use to communicate with the help of it, and communication plays an important role in transferring the cultural attributes from one generation to another. Due to the over interference of western sandwich stopping point and globalization in the Arab their language shunned and changed towards the English. As English is simple to encounter easily and quickly, it captured and spread in the Arab region and surpassed the Arabic language. Most of the Arab people prefer English over Arab language which leads to the Arabic languages deterioration and have it the secondary language. English has been preferred by the Arabian spring chickens and on the reversion Arab language opposed by them as they considered English as victor language which provide them honorable status in the society ( John A. Morrow, 2007).Effect on mode of DressingThe mode of dressing which was followed by the Arab people traditionally revealed their modesty. But due to the globalization the traditional dressing mode has been replaced by western dressing patterns, and the original ethnic dress ups of Arab people have been preserved for old aged people. The present young abstractedness of Arab have been influenced by globalization a lot, they generally prefers dresses of western culture like jeans, t shirts, and other dresses which leads to too much exposure in comparison with traditional Arab dresses. It posses significant negative impact on the Arabic cultural and ethnic values, beliefs, and norms as the globalization leads to over dominance of western culture on the Arab people and their dressing mode, which ultimately affects the identity and original dress ups of Arab (Najjar, 2005).Effect on IdentityWith the emergence of globalization, Arabs have helpless the major part of their tradition al conventional culture due to its regional market penetration by western culture countries. The identity of individuals lies in their traditions and culture which includes values, beliefs, customs, rites, rituals, dress ups, language, food, arts and crafts, dance and music etc., culture can be observe in the individuals characteristics. Globalization has led to the desertion of various aforementioned features of Arabian Culture which leads to destruction of the Arab Culture as a whole. It leads to various problems like difficulty in identifying and discriminated Arab people on the arse of cultural aspects as they follow other cultural values. If these conditions would not freeing to change, the traditional culture of Arab get disappear entirely which leads to loss of recondite cultural inheritance (Najjar, 2005) .Effect on Arab Heritage CultureThe globalization, modernization and secularization provide various significant benefits to the Arabs in terms of technology, economic d evelopment, and political scenario. Apart from these benefits globalization leads to harm the traditional culture heritage of Arabs. The conventional art and craft, music and dance, language and literature, food and dressing mode have been replaced by the western cultural attributes (Najjar, 2005).ConclusionThe Arabian youth do not understand the significance of their conventional culture and its preservation. Globalization has affected the Arabian Culture tremendously through internet, films, music, art and literature, so the strategies pertaining to transformation of Arabian Culture should be taken as archeozoic as possible so as to retain its original identity and overcome the losses of globalization.

Strategies for Zero Carbon Homes

Strategies for cypher degree Celsius radicalsABSTRACTAnthropogenic temper swap is a phenomenon that has mystifyd a great deal attention in the determi earth hardly a(prenominal) decades, and for good reason. Since the renowned studies carried airfoil by Dr. Row consume and Dr. Molina, which began in the mid-seventies on Oz 1 depletion, subsequent studies bring on revealed that sympathetic activity is ca apply the field satellites atmospheric and surface temperatures to swot and whitethorn in any case be a major contributor towards temper shift, ascribable by and abundant by the release of ascorbic acid dioxide, methane and early(a) green shell base particu latishs and shove offes in to the atmosphere. The feat of climate shift admit pure(a) weather conditions, draw back glaciers and ice rink caps, rising sea trains and drought, with the poorest countries be touch on the most.Since the introduction of the Kyoto protocol in 1997, the UK giving medi cation is act to the agreement to limit UK glitter speed emission by 80% by the division 2050. It has been suggested that the 21 billion septs in the UK business relationship for rough a quarter of the essential nose candy emissions into the atmosphere. With the circulating(prenominal) regimes indication to improver the keep down of familys to 3 million by the socio-economic class 2020 due to the rising population, a greater effort is c exclusively for to overturn coulomb emissions in spite of appearance the lodging atomic number 18na a bring that forget aid the UK Goernments big-term commitment to the linked Nations Framework convention on humor Change and Kyoto Protocol.The presidency is responding to the take exception instead firmly and has set extinct strict gulls to subordinate power work in impudently broods. To hold much(prenominal) a monolithic task, the governing body has put in reinforced in bed a scheme c exclusivelyed the en actment for sustainable Homes (CSH), which sets come out criteria for reducing mooringal statute for completely virgin dwellings. Gordon brownnesss Governments main objective is for all raw(a) dwellings to be Zero-Carbon by 2016. The current look paper sets out to secern the impediments that whitethorn preclude Gordon Browns indemnity of achieving the null coulomb bases challenge and in addition to determine the drivers in achieving zippo coke paper dental plates crossways the board by 2016.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe author would like to thank the individuals who leap assisted in the yield of this dissertation.A special thank you must go to my supervising coach Dr. Michael Coffey, whose wisdom and guidance digestd support and intensity towards completing this dissertation.I would in like manner like to thank all those persons who responded to the research questionnaire, which make a evidentiary contribution towards the production of this dissertation.Finally I would like to thank my wife Uzma and children Saqlain, Aaliyah and Owais for their support and for putting up with my dominate towards them in the blend few months.Thank you once againSection 1 IntroductionNature of the enigmaSince the Industrial revolution in the late 18th century, green admit hired gun emissions piddle ontogenesisd considerably. Scientists gull observed that a third of the lies post inscribe that is directed towards the boundaries of the landed estates atmosphere is reflected binding into space, whilst the remaining susceptibility is repeated by the surface of the orbiter and to a littleer extent by the course of workets atmosphere.Anthropogenic check upon climate change is partly ca routined by the escalation of plain green foretoken gases emitted in to the atmosphere, such as snow dioxide, generally influenced by the burning of fogy fuels. The effects of climate shift include severe weather conditions, receding glaciers and ice caps, ri sing sea directs and drought, with the poorest countries universe affected the most.The problem scientists live determined is that the fair weather radiates tremendous lists of light vim emitted in pathetic wavelengths, further the oestrus force released from the surface of the planet itself is released in dogged wavelengths. Whilst coke dioxide does non absorb the cheerfulnesss aught, it does however absorb instigate strength from the planet i.e. long wavelength talent. Therefore when a pinpoint of degree centigrade dioxide absorbs heat aptitude, the molecule goes into an kindle un constant state. The molecule blends stable again by releasing the vim that is absorbed. Therefore much of this verve remains deep down the earths atmosphere, whilst the rest of the capability bequeath go out into space. Carbon dioxide thitherfore al conf put onds the light energy from the sun to pass but does non endure all of the heat within the earths atmosphere to be relea sed into to outermost space, therefrom adjoin the green tin effect. Ultimately ca development the temperature of the planet to rise.Illust proportionalityn courtesy of www.dinosaurfact.netPro-Active chemical reaction to the ProblemIn reaction to the Kyoto Protocols commitments to reduce degree Celsius dioxide emissions, the UK must reduce its service line green hearthstone gas emissions by 12.5% by two hundred8 2012 from a baseline post set in 1990. Further to a greater extent, the limn Climate Change Bill commits the UK to step-downs of C02 emissions of at least 26% by the form 2020 and also to a long-run goal of an 80% reducing by 2050 ( skill Saving Trust)Housing within the UK lends significantly to greenho usage gas emissions. The UKs 21million dwelling houses account for around 27% of the overall ampere-second copy emissions released in to the atmosphere (Skandamoorthy, 2007) and with the current Governments promise to construct 3 million sassy dwelling house s by the family 2020, the need to address the light speed situation within the trapping sector is of paramount importance (BBC new-fangleds, 2007. New agency to drive crime syndicate conduct)traditionally the social organization assiduity has had bittie regard for the environment, which makes common ground for producing makes without energy power in mind. It is yet until late ms has the consumption of energy been an important agenda in the house build exertion, as advancements in energy tycoon acting an important role in the invention of expressions reinforced today, due partly to the crucial role organism contend by the stringent create regulations pushing the boundaries further to make expressions more energy effectual.In response to the current situation with regards to reducing coulomb emissions within the house pains the political sympathies activity introduced in 2006 the ordinance for sustainable Homes (CSH) scheme (a successor to the Eco Homes place scheme). At the moment the commandment is a voluntary commonplace for energy efficiency and sustainability, applying to newly create homes in the reclusive sector however, it is manselective informationry where public sector (Homes and Communities Agency) funding is involved. The tag aims to deliver a metre guideline for house builders in the UK and addresses name argonas of sustainability such as peeing use and C02 emissions in house twist and use. A military place carcass has been developed within in the enroll, which measures the ability of the grammatical grammatical faces efficiency in terms of energy use. The recruits paygrade arranging ranges between trains 1 and 6. aim 6 being the loftyest direct of efficiency and is the train that is most appropriate and relevant to the current deliberate, which is the attainment of nix carbon paper copy positioning ( rule for sustainable Homes skilful Guide, 2007)The Government has indicated that the figure entrust become the single bailiwick exemplar for the concept and eddy of sustainable homes and is set to become a fomite for the development of sustainable home make recitation in the UK ( scratch for sustainable Homes, 1997)The subject of interest is whether the government and the construction profession can experience and administer an effective dodge that depart allow all new homes to accomplish the highly contend standards of incorporating take aim 6 rating to dwellings across the board to allow ad on the button(a)(a) carbon status of newly built homes by 2016.Why is there a lack of energy point carbon dwellings in the United body politic?The problem that presents itself is that the conscious world has received that the global warming phenomenon is a serious threat to the planet. Up until recent propagation carbon emissions and the ostracise effects being imposed by them upon the environment were not distinctly understood, or even thought approx imately in many respect and whence not a major take in the trapping industry. Recent studies invite cogitationed that homes contribute around 27% of kernel UK carbon emissions. For this reason the housing industry may not have grasped the technologies sufficiently to mass- find secret code carbon homes. Because aim may have been low for nobody carbon dwellings it may indicate that there may be a gift salute to build energy carbon homes and indeed not in the crush interests of financiers and developers, who may not receive healthy returns on assuming guess for structure such assets. insufficiency of enforceability may be an oppo identify issue why such dwellings have not been mass-produced. Maybe the render of materials to produce such assets may be lacking in availability again this may be as a consequence of low demand, which may also contribute towards unornamented terms.It is not clear that any of these scenarios argon either singularly or collectively respo nsible for the slow ramp up in developing zero carbon homes. Therefore the current study result examine the assorted drivers and barriers that influence the development of zero carbon developments such as represent, legislation, merchandise demand, available technology and the supply filament. The recognition of these factors volition provide a basic analysis to determine whether the insurance form _or_ system of government of achieving the zero carbon homes constitution by 2016 across the board is very feasible.Section 2 polish of zero carbon homes legislationfew green policies have had kind of such an impact on a sector as the zero carbon homes policy has had in housing imagines John Alker, Head of protagonism at the UK leafy vegetable expression Council. In December 2006 the government introduced a commitment plan which formulated a requirement that all new homes atomic number 18 to be zero carbon from the year 2016 onwards. The initial intent was formally co mmunicated via the rule for sustainable Homes (CSH) skillful guide, which is based on and replaces the Ecohomes field of study standard for sustainable design and construction for new housing in the UK in April 2007. The code verbalize that a building would emit zero net carbon emissions from heating, hot piss system, excitement, doojigger use and cooking. All carbonic acid gas reductions had to be compassd by local off- station agent connected to the building by a direct fleshly connection. However, more recently the government defined a zero carbon dwelling as one which generates 70% of the energy it uses for heating, public exposure and lighting from on-site renewable energy (The brawniness Saving Trust). Meeting the criteria would modify the home to be rated as a code direct 6 home the highest star rating achievable in terms of the mandate, thus certificating the home as a zero carbon dwelling. The acquisition of a code level 6 certificate depart allow archetyp ical hand purchasers of zero carbon homes up to the value of 500,000 exemption from paid stamp duty land tax (SDLT). Homes to a higher place the 500,000 threshold will enjoy a 15,000 reduction towards the stamp duty bill (Section 58b, 2007 finance Bill)It should be noted that the Code for sustainable Homes (CSH) is currently UK legislation and its execution of instrument is optional to use unconnected from developments funded by the government (BRE, EcoHomes, 2007). The government has indicated that home builders be encouraged to acquire the guidelines of the Code now as alliance to the Code will become mandatory in the future for all new house building (Code for Sustainable Homes, 2006)The government has also provided an incentive for the installation of energy salve materials and micro-generation apparatus by reducing the value-added tax to 5%. This VAT slump only applies to the UK however, the European Commission is committed to bringing forward proposals for a change to the Principal VAT leading to allow an EU-wide reduction in VAT for green products, particularly those aimed at improving energy efficiency in buildings (HM Treasury, 2008)The UK government aims to reach their stated goal of 80% carbon dioxide reduction in the UK by 2050 by dint of lend oneselfing progressive tightening of the building regulations. The tightening of the regulations is to be maintained in three phases in 2010, 2013 and 2016 (Building Regulations energy efficiency requirements for new dwellings, 2007).The graph on the previous page trys the purport reductions for each phase. These channelise reductions equate to the energy effect standards in the governments vehicle for reducing CO2 in housing the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) Levels 3, 4, and 6 respectively highlightinging the governments progressive strategy to achieving carbon zero homes by 2016.Source (Building Regulations Energy efficiency requirements for new dwellings, 2007).The primary method of measuring stick of energy efficiency for the Building Regulations is the dwelling Carbon Dioxide Emissions Rate (DER), which is an bode of CO2 per metre squared of base subject area. Currently (2010) the advantage in the DER is said to be 25% compared to the 2006 level. An proceeds of 44% is essential in 2013 and ultimately a 100% improvement which is incidentally zero carbon for all new homes built in 2016.An analysis of the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH)The code seeks to make improvements in energy efficiency and water recitation upon those unavoidable by the Building Regulations position L 2006. The code will compliment the system of rules of energy performance certificates that was introduced in 2007 by the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD).At present the Code is voluntary, however house builders are encouraged to lend oneself the Code as a guideline for house building practice, as the government states that the code will be mandatory in the future. Energy efficiency is measured at every level of the code by treasureing nine individual design categories, with higher level of sustainability performance achieving a high code rating.The Code measures the succeeding(a) design categoriesThe code implements a procedure which mirrors the BREs EcoHomes system in its method of judicial decision, which relies on adroit and accredited independent assessors to visit the homes. Design stage assessments are conducted by the assessors who on boundary of the assessment recommend a sustainable code rating for the home being assessed and will issues an interim certificate. On close of the development a post completion assessment is carried out by the inspector, who will on completion of the lowest checks issue a final code certificate which states the level achieved and therefore be given a CSH code rating.A home twining any level of the Code will have to meet token(prenominal) standards for certain items depending on what Level is des ired. For Level 6 this call upsThe home will have to be completely zero carbon (i.e. zero net emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from all energy use in the home). This could be achieved by Improving the thermic efficiency of the walls, breathows, and roof as far as is practically executable (by using more separation or better glass for example) trim down air permeability to the minimum consistent with healthrequirements (a certain amount of air ventilation is ask in a home for health reasons) Installing a high efficiency condensing boiler, or being on a regularize heating system Carefully calculating the fabric of the home to reduce thermic bridging (thermal bridging allows heat to easily pass between the inner walls and the outer walls of a home) Using low and zero carbon technologies such as solar thermal panels, biomass boilers, flap turbines, and feature heat and power systems (CHP). It would mean for example that energy taken from the national grid would have to be rep laced by low or zero carbon generated energy, so that over a year the net emissions were zero.The home will have to be designed to use no more than about 80 litres of water per person per day. This could be achieved by suit such items as 6/4 Dual Flush WC string up Reducing/Aerating taps passim 6-9 litres per minute shower (note that an average galvanizing shower is about6/7 litres per minute) a smaller, shaped bath still long exuberant to lie down in, but less(prenominal) waterrequired to gormandise it to a level consistent with face-to-face comfort 18ltr maximum peck dishwasher 60ltr maximum volume process machine.To achieve the standard would also mean that about 30% of the water requirement of the home was provided from non-potable sources such as rainwater harvesting systems or grey water cycle systems.Other minimum requirements are required for Surface water charge this may mean the provision of soakaways and areas of poriferous paving Materials this means a mini mum number of materials meeting at least a Dgrade in the Building seek Establishments Green Guide (the subdue goesfrom A+ to E) ache management this means having a site baseless management plan in place during the homes construction, and adequate space for neutralise storage during its use. only when to get to Level 6 you need a further 64.9 points. So the builder/developer must do many other things to obtain the other points. In fact they will need to do 90% of everything in the Code to achieve Level 6, including Energy efficient appliances, and lighting Supplying complaisant water butts Reducing surface water run-off as much as possible Using highly environmentally friendly materials Minimising construction waste Maximum, accessible provision for recycling amend daylighting, sound insulation and guarantor Building to the Lifetime Homes standard Assessing and minimising the bionomical impact of the construction of the homeSource of information Code for Sustainable Homes A step change in home building practice guide (2006)Section 3 Cost implications of constructing zero carbon homesDuring the last ten years house prices have continually cast upd due to the rising population and a slow response to the demand in terms of house building says Kate Barker in her 2004 survey on housing supply (Barker, K. 2004) collide with figures 1 and 4 below.It was the Barker traverse commissioned by meridian Minister Gordon Brown which gave recognition to the home building industry to check out into improving the level of housing supply in the UK. The report conclude that the UK had a serious shortage of homes and was in much need of around 120,000 homes per year built by private house builders. The figures are in addition to the 150,000 homes which are currently being constructed per year by the house builders. The Barker report engaged the government to set an objective to accession the supply of houses being built in England of at least 200,000 per year by the year 2020.The housing market in the UK is considered by the UK government as an important arena in contributing towards regulating the nations economy. Putting this into perspective it is humorous that the Labour government since advent into power has changed housing ministers nine times in the last long dozen years. During the first year in parting by the Labour government, it has seen a housing crisis which has seen a 190% increase in house prices with a house price to earnings ratio increase from 3.1 to 5.8. What this means is that whilst house prices have climbed dramatically, average salaries have not increased in counterweight to the rising greet of house buy. The theme to controlling current house prices is to build more homes, however in 2009 only 118,000 new homes were constructed, which is less than half the annual amount required if the governments target of an additional 3 million homes are to be constructed by the year 2020 (Alexander, 2010). How does this piece of information relate to the comprise of constructing zero carbon homes? preferably simply the government has introduced a policy which aims to build an additional 3 million homes by the year 2020. The government is also pressing with the policy which aims to see all new homes constructed by the year 2016 to be zero carbon. The problem that presents itself is that the comprise of building zero carbon homes includes a gift make up for building and subsequently purchasing such a property. If in the year 2009 only 118,000 homes were built, when quite a clearly the governments target is at least 200,000 per year to be in a mental attitude to meet the 3 million new homes target by 2020 and the woo of housing is already quite high, then how does Gordon Brown intend on maintaining the road map for two preposterous targets which clash quite apparently. persist years figures prove that house building was at an all time low since 1946. These figures indicate that Gordon Browns government may have overlooked the situation and set a target which is perhaps super challenging if taking account of the current economic position of the UK economy.The Cyril Sweett quotationIn 2006 Cyril Sweett construction and property consultants were approached by the English Partnerships and Housing bow driftow to report on the implications of the move from the Ecohomes standard of truly good rating to the level 3 Code for Sustainable Homes. The research carried out by Cyril Sweett consultants reviewed six several(predicate) types of houses which included quartette types which were constructed using traditional methods of construction and two with modern construction techniques. Cyril Sweett say that the findings of the research are not necessarily standard for all construction and consideration should given to range specific variables such as the area of construction, type of development, the supply chain etc each having a variable effect on the greet of building in the stated methods of construction. Whilst the figures do not represent code level 6 developments, they do however give an indication of what the expected damage of building level 6 zero carbon homes may be if factored. The study made consideration to a whole host of construction methods and technological solutions to improve the performance of the home. The sole heading of the research was to assess which methods of construction were the most economically possible to achieve the various code levels of the CfSH. However four scenarios were given in the report for expediency which are as followsScenario 1Initial energy efficiency measures followed by the use of solar thermal technology, then photovoltaic and biomass systems.Scenario 2Initial energy efficiency measures initially followed by the use of small scale wind turbines and then biomass systems.Scenario 3Development with divided energy services, such as combined heat and power (CHP). For this scenario toll per unit are av eraged for different infrastructure options for a theoretical 200 unit development.Scenario 4 acquisition of Code level 3 without sanctuary to renewable energies through the use of a whole house robotlike ventilation system with heat recovery and by assuming the use of proprietary construction details.The findings of the study found that projects which allowed for wind energy or site wide CHP technologies had range for achieving the lowest constitute. Again, it is stressed that projects are site specific therefore areas with low wind speeds may not be able to achieve adequate wind speeds to justify using wind energy technologies.The following tabulated information highlights the additional address of achieving the code level 3 over the Ecohomes Very Good standard.The baseline court for the to a higher placementioned homes is 92,107 for a 116m isolated home and 75,230 for a 101m end of terrace home, as qualify or compliant with the 2006 building Regulations.It is an enkin dle observation that the implementation of Scenario 4 to achieve a code level 3 rating cost 5,090 for a detached house and 4,748 for a terraced house an increase in cost of 5.4% and 6.2% respectively. Whats evoke about these figures is that Scenario 4 does not implement any renewable energy solutions such as photovoltaic carrell technology but does make use of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery systems. Scenario 4 does in many respects mirror the PassivHaus dwelling or Scandinavian homes method of building. Scenario 4 combined with advanced micro generation technologies could achieve level 6 zero carbon status but to enable this industry would need to invest further in research and development of enhancing the micro generation technologies, however the cost will be greatly increased. As with anything that is new there is a premium cost to be paid. But as more efforts are made and competition increases due to demand the cost of such technologies should decrease in time.The c osting data provided in the Cyril Sweett report (2007) went further to report on the cost of achieving a level 5 rating of the Code for Sustainable Homes (CfSH), which is incidentally the highest level of code attainment data provided in the report. The following cost comparison data only makes reference to detached dwellings as the costing data for terraced houses are not too dis sympathetic to the detached houses.Scenario 1The table shown in a higher place shows the cost of achieving a code level 5 rating of the CfSH using scenario 1, which to reiterate includes the use of solar thermal technology with photovoltaic and biomass systems. The cost attached to upgrading to level 5 costs an additional 20,270, as shown in the table. Therefore an 18% increase to a higher place the baseline cost of building a detached home with a 116m area to the 2006 building regulatory standard, which totals 111,476.Scenario 2Utilising Scenario 2, a 116m Home built with small scale wind turbine and bi omass technology will achieve a CfSH level 5 rating at a cost of 14,206 supra the baseline cost. A 14% increase totalling 106,146Scenario 3Utilising Scenario 3, a 116m Home built using site wide CHP technology will achieve a CfSH level 4 rating at a cost of 2,622 above the baseline cost. A 3% increase totalling 93,828Scenario 4Utilising Scenario 4, a 116m Home built with change air tightening and mechanical ventilation will achieve a CHS level 3 rating at a cost of 4,481 above the baseline cost. A 5% increase totalling 95,687The cumulative graph shown above shows the cost of achieving each level of the Code for Sustainable Homes (CfSH) up to level 5, in comparison to each scenario small on the previous pages.The interesting thing about the comparative cost data provided by Cyril Sweett consultants is that to achieve level 5 of the code using scenario one costs 36,070, which is an increase above the baseline cost of 28.6%. Obtaining a code level 5 rating using scenario two is achie ved by allowing for an increase in cost above the baseline of 20,746 which is a 22.7% increase. These figures provide an indication of what the likelihood cost for building code level 6 zero carbon homes are liberation be. Therefore it is estimated that for a similar type of dwelling the cost will be in excess of 30% above the 2006 Building Regulations baseline cost. A 30% increase in cost is quite substantial considering a home built to the prescribed building standards would cost approximately 92,107, thus around a 40,000 increase to implement code level 6 to the dwelling is a substantial amount and therefore cost is going to be a major factor in determining the success or hardship of achieving the zero carbon homes by 2016 target.Clearly the figures shown in this report show that the cost of producing zero carbon homes across the board is going to be a major bulwark if drastic changes and new solutions to reduce the cost of zero carbon technologies do not surface within the a butting few years stellar(a) up to the year 2016. The situation appears to be quite discomforting as affordability is going to negate the possibility of achieving not just the 2016 target but may also interfere with the 2020 target of building an additional three million new homes in the United ground as less demand due to affordability will result in less homes being built and therefore cause a go situation if the government alongside industry does not take steps to resolve the situation fast.Reductions in cost for bulk purchasingAs stated earlier in the report cost reductions can be made through advances in technology and through competition as demand for zero carbon homes increases. Whilst the cost of achieving zero carbon is quite high at the moment, cost will gradually subside. The Cyril Sweett consultancy further describe that the purchase of materials and technology in bulk order will reduce the cost of producing zero carbon homes. Cyril Sweett representatives approache d a number of suppliers of water and sustainable technologies. It was found that for large scale procurement i.e. 5000 units plus reductions in cost were achieved for the following technologies.(Cyril Sweett, 2007)Section 4 MethodologyThis chapter focuses on the methodology employ in the production of the current research paper and will highlight the various stages of the research method. The purpose of the methodology is to provide the reader with an perceptiveness into what is expected in the report and how the research is to be conducted.The current study focuses on the UK governments policy of all homes to be Zero Carbon by the year 2016 and investigates into the feasibility of the policy and further considers the impediments preventing the policy to materialise. The study also aims to identify the key drivers and barriers of achieving zero carbon homes by 2016 across the board.The study will explore key areas in theStrategies for Zero Carbon HomesStrategies for Zero Carbon Ho mesABSTRACTAnthropogenic climate change is a phenomenon that has received much attention in the last few decades, and for good reason. Since the renowned studies carried out by Dr. Rowland and Dr. Molina, which began in the 1970s on Ozone depletion, subsequent studies have revealed that human activity is causing the planets atmospheric and surface temperatures to rise and may also be a major contributor towards climate shift, due by and large by the release of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse particulates and gases in to the atmosphere. The effects of climate shift include severe weather conditions, receding glaciers and ice caps, rising sea levels and drought, with the poorest countries being affected the most.Since the introduction of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, the UK government is committed to the agreement to reduce UK carbon emission by 80% by the year 2050. It has been suggested that the 21 million homes in the UK account for around a quarter of the total carbon e missions into the atmosphere. With the current governments indication to increase the number of dwellings to 3 million by the year 2020 due to the rising population, a greater effort is needed to reduce carbon emissions within the housing sector a drive that will aid the UK Governments long-term commitment to the United Nations Framework convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol.The government is responding to the challenge quite firmly and has set out strict targets to reduce energy use in new dwellings. To implement such a monumental task, the government has put in place a scheme called the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH), which sets out criteria for reducing energy for all new dwellings. Gordon Browns Governments main objective is for all new dwellings to be Zero-Carbon by 2016. The current research paper sets out to identify the impediments that may prevent Gordon Browns policy of achieving the zero carbon homes challenge and also to determine the drivers in achieving zer o carbon homes across the board by 2016.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe author would like to thank the individuals who have assisted in the production of this dissertation.A special thank you must go to my supervising tutor Dr. Michael Coffey, whose wisdom and guidance provided support and inspiration towards completing this dissertation.I would also like to thank all those persons who responded to the research questionnaire, which made a significant contribution towards the production of this dissertation.Finally I would like to thank my wife Uzma and children Saqlain, Aaliyah and Owais for their support and for putting up with my neglect towards them in the last few months.Thank you againSection 1 IntroductionNature of the ProblemSince the Industrial revolution in the late 18th century, greenhouse gas emissions have increased considerably. Scientists have observed that a third of the Suns energy that is directed towards the boundaries of the Earths atmosphere is reflected back into space, wh ilst the remaining energy is absorbed by the surface of the planet and to a lesser extent by the planets atmosphere.Anthropogenic influence upon climate change is partly caused by the escalation of excess greenhouse gases emitted in to the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, principally influenced by the burning of fossil fuels. The effects of climate shift include severe weather conditions, receding glaciers and ice caps, rising sea levels and drought, with the poorest countries being affected the most.The problem scientists have determined is that the sun radiates tremendous amounts of light energy emitted in short wavelengths, however the heat energy released from the surface of the planet itself is released in long wavelengths. Whilst carbon dioxide does not absorb the suns energy, it does however absorb heat energy from the planet i.e. long wavelength energy. Therefore when a molecule of carbon dioxide absorbs heat energy, the molecule goes into an excited unstable state. The m olecule becomes stable again by releasing the energy that is absorbed. Therefore much of this energy remains within the earths atmosphere, whilst the rest of the energy will go out into space. Carbon dioxide therefore allows the light energy from the sun to pass but does not allow all of the heat within the earths atmosphere to be released into to outer space, thus intensifying the greenhouse effect. Ultimately causing the temperature of the planet to rise.Illustration courtesy of www.dinosaurfact.netPro-Active Response to the ProblemIn response to the Kyoto Protocols commitments to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the UK must reduce its baseline greenhouse gas emissions by 12.5% by 2008 2012 from a baseline target set in 1990. Furthermore, the draft Climate Change Bill commits the UK to reductions of C02 emissions of at least 26% by the year 2020 and also to a long-term goal of an 80% reduction by 2050 (Energy Saving Trust)Housing within the UK contributes significantly to greenho use gas emissions. The UKs 21million homes account for around 27% of the overall carbon emissions released in to the atmosphere (Skandamoorthy, 2007) and with the current Governments promise to construct 3 million new homes by the year 2020, the need to address the carbon situation within the housing sector is of paramount importance (BBC News, 2007. New agency to drive home building)Traditionally the construction industry has had little regard for the environment, which makes common ground for producing buildings without energy efficiency in mind. It is only until recent times has the consumption of energy been an important agenda in the house building industry, as advancements in energy efficiency playing an important role in the design of buildings built today, due partly to the crucial role being played by the stringent building regulations pushing the boundaries further to make buildings more energy efficient.In response to the current situation with regards to reducing carbon emissions within the housing industry the government introduced in 2006 the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) scheme (a successor to the Eco Homes rating scheme). At the moment the code is a voluntary standard for energy efficiency and sustainability, applying to newly built homes in the private sector however, it is mandatory where public sector (Homes and Communities Agency) funding is involved. The code aims to deliver a standard guideline for house builders in the UK and addresses key areas of sustainability such as water use and C02 emissions in house building and use. A rating system has been developed within in the code, which measures the ability of the buildings efficiency in terms of energy use. The codes rating system ranges between levels 1 and 6. Level 6 being the highest level of efficiency and is the level that is most appropriate and applicable to the current study, which is the attainment of zero carbon status (Code for Sustainable Homes Technical Guide, 2007)The Gov ernment has indicated that the code will become the single national standard for the design and construction of sustainable homes and is set to become a vehicle for the development of sustainable home building practice in the UK (Code for Sustainable Homes, 1997)The subject of interest is whether the government and the building profession can implement and administer an effective strategy that will allow all new homes to achieve the highly challenging standards of incorporating level 6 rating to dwellings across the board to allow zero carbon status of newly built homes by 2016.Why is there a lack of zero carbon dwellings in the United Kingdom?The problem that presents itself is that the conscious world has accepted that the global warming phenomenon is a serious threat to the planet. Up until recent times carbon emissions and the negative effects being imposed by them upon the environment were not clearly understood, or even thought about in many respects and therefore not a major issue in the housing industry. Recent studies have reported that homes contribute around 27% of total UK carbon emissions. For this reason the housing industry may not have grasped the technologies sufficiently to mass-produce zero carbon homes. Because demand may have been low for zero carbon dwellings it may indicate that there may be a premium cost to build zero carbon homes and therefore not in the best interests of financiers and developers, who may not receive healthy returns on assuming risk for building such assets. Lack of enforceability may be another issue why such dwellings have not been mass-produced. Maybe the supply of materials to produce such assets may be lacking in availability again this may be as a consequence of low demand, which may also contribute towards extra cost.It is not clear that any of these scenarios are either singularly or collectively responsible for the slow progress in developing zero carbon homes. Therefore the current study will examine the va rious drivers and barriers that influence the development of zero carbon developments such as cost, legislation, market demand, available technology and the supply chain. The identification of these factors will provide a basic analysis to determine whether the policy of achieving the zero carbon homes policy by 2016 across the board is actually feasible.Section 2 Review of zero carbon homes legislationFew green policies have had quite such an impact on a sector as the zero carbon homes policy has had in housing says John Alker, Head of Advocacy at the UK Green Building Council. In December 2006 the government introduced a commitment plan which formulated a requirement that all new homes are to be zero carbon from the year 2016 onwards. The initial proposal was formally communicated via the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) technical guide, which is based on and replaces the Ecohomes national standard for sustainable design and construction for new housing in the UK in April 2007. T he code stated that a building would emit zero net carbon emissions from heating, hot water, lighting, appliance use and cooking. All CO2 reductions had to be achieved by local off-site means connected to the building by a direct physical connection. However, more recently the government defined a zero carbon dwelling as one which generates 70% of the energy it uses for heating, ventilation and lighting from on-site renewable energy (The Energy Saving Trust). Meeting the criteria would enable the home to be rated as a code level 6 home the highest star rating achievable in terms of the Code, thus certificating the home as a zero carbon dwelling. The acquisition of a code level 6 certificate will allow first hand purchasers of zero carbon homes up to the value of 500,000 exemption from paying stamp duty land tax (SDLT). Homes above the 500,000 threshold will enjoy a 15,000 reduction towards the stamp duty bill (Section 58b, 2007 Finance Bill)It should be noted that the Code for Susta inable Homes (CSH) is currently UK legislation and its implementation is optional to use apart from developments funded by the government (BRE, EcoHomes, 2007). The government has indicated that home builders are encouraged to follow the guidelines of the Code now as adherence to the Code will become mandatory in the future for all new house building (Code for Sustainable Homes, 2006)The government has also provided an incentive for the installation of energy saving materials and micro-generation apparatus by reducing the VAT to 5%. This VAT decrease only applies to the UK however, the European Commission is committed to bringing forward proposals for a change to the Principal VAT Directive to allow an EU-wide reduction in VAT for green products, particularly those aimed at improving energy efficiency in buildings (HM Treasury, 2008)The UK government aims to reach their stated goal of 80% carbon dioxide reduction in the UK by 2050 through implementing progressive tightening of the b uilding regulations. The tightening of the regulations is to be maintained in three phases in 2010, 2013 and 2016 (Building Regulations Energy efficiency requirements for new dwellings, 2007).The graph on the previous page shows the target reductions for each phase. These target reductions equate to the energy performance standards in the governments vehicle for reducing CO2 in housing the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) Levels 3, 4, and 6 respectively highlighting the governments progressive strategy to achieving carbon zero homes by 2016.Source (Building Regulations Energy efficiency requirements for new dwellings, 2007).The primary method of measurement of energy efficiency for the Building Regulations is the dwelling Carbon Dioxide Emissions Rate (DER), which is an estimate of CO2 per metre squared of floor area. Currently (2010) the improvement in the DER is said to be 25% compared to the 2006 level. An improvement of 44% is required in 2013 and ultimately a 100% improvement which is incidentally zero carbon for all new homes built in 2016.An analysis of the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH)The code seeks to make improvements in energy efficiency and water usage upon those required by the Building Regulations Part L 2006. The code will compliment the system of energy performance certificates that was introduced in 2007 by the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD).At present the Code is voluntary, however house builders are encouraged to utilise the Code as a guideline for house building practice, as the government states that the code will be mandatory in the future.Energy efficiency is measured at every level of the code by assessing nine individual design categories, with higher level of sustainability performance achieving a high code rating.The Code measures the following design categoriesThe code implements a procedure which mirrors the BREs EcoHomes system in its method of assessment, which relies on trained and accredited independent as sessors to inspect the homes. Design stage assessments are conducted by the assessors who on completion of the assessment recommend a sustainable code rating for the home being assessed and will issues an interim certificate. On completion of the development a post completion assessment is carried out by the inspector, who will on completion of the final checks issue a final code certificate which states the level achieved and therefore be given a CSH code rating.A home meeting any level of the Code will have to meet minimum standards for certain items depending on what Level is desired. For Level 6 this meansThe home will have to be completely zero carbon (i.e. zero net emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from all energy use in the home). This could be achieved by Improving the thermal efficiency of the walls, windows, and roof as far as is practically possible (by using more insulation or better glass for example) Reducing air permeability to the minimum consistent with healthrequir ements (a certain amount of air ventilation is needed in a home for health reasons) Installing a high efficiency condensing boiler, or being on a district heating system Carefully designing the fabric of the home to reduce thermal bridging (thermal bridging allows heat to easily escape between the inner walls and the outer walls of a home) Using low and zero carbon technologies such as solar thermal panels, biomass boilers, wind turbines, and combined heat and power systems (CHP). It would mean for example that energy taken from the national grid would have to be replaced by low or zero carbon generated energy, so that over a year the net emissions were zero.The home will have to be designed to use no more than about 80 litres of water per person per day. This could be achieved by fitting such items as 6/4 Dual Flush WC Flow Reducing/Aerating taps throughout 6-9 litres per minute shower (note that an average electric shower is about6/7 litres per minute) a smaller, shaped bath stil l long enough to lie down in, but less waterrequired to fill it to a level consistent with personal comfort 18ltr maximum volume dishwasher 60ltr maximum volume washing machine.To achieve the standard would also mean that about 30% of the water requirement of the home was provided from non-potable sources such as rainwater harvesting systems or grey water recycling systems.Other minimum requirements are required for Surface water management this may mean the provision of soakaways and areas of porous paving Materials this means a minimum number of materials meeting at least a Dgrade in the Building Research Establishments Green Guide (the scale goesfrom A+ to E) Waste management this means having a site waste management plan in place during the homes construction, and adequate space for waste storage during its use.But to get to Level 6 you need a further 64.9 points. So the builder/developer must do many other things to obtain the other points. In fact they will need to do 90% o f everything in the Code to achieve Level 6, including Energy efficient appliances, and lighting Supplying accessible water butts Reducing surface water run-off as much as possible Using highly environmentally friendly materials Minimising construction waste Maximum, accessible provision for recycling Improved daylighting, sound insulation and security Building to the Lifetime Homes standard Assessing and minimising the ecological impact of the construction of the homeSource of information Code for Sustainable Homes A step change in home building practice guide (2006)Section 3 Cost implications of constructing zero carbon homesDuring the last ten years house prices have continually increased due to the rising population and a slow response to the demand in terms of house building says Kate Barker in her 2004 survey on housing supply (Barker, K. 2004) See figures 1 and 4 below.It was the Barker report commissioned by Prime Minister Gordon Brown which gave recognition to the home bu ilding industry to investigate into improving the level of housing supply in the UK. The report concluded that the UK had a serious shortage of homes and was in much need of around 120,000 homes per year built by private house builders. The figures are in addition to the 150,000 homes which are currently being constructed per year by the house builders. The Barker report engaged the government to set an objective to increase the supply of houses being built in England of at least 200,000 per year by the year 2020.The housing market in the UK is considered by the UK government as an important arena in contributing towards regulating the nations economy. Putting this into perspective it is ironic that the Labour government since coming into power has changed housing ministers nine times in the last thirteen years. During the first year in office by the Labour government, it has seen a housing crisis which has seen a 190% increase in house prices with a house price to earnings ratio in crease from 3.1 to 5.8. What this means is that whilst house prices have climbed dramatically, average salaries have not increased in proportion to the rising cost of house purchasing. The solution to controlling current house prices is to build more homes, however in 2009 only 118,000 new homes were constructed, which is less than half the annual amount required if the governments target of an additional 3 million homes are to be constructed by the year 2020 (Alexander, 2010). How does this piece of information relate to the cost of constructing zero carbon homes? Quite simply the government has introduced a policy which aims to build an additional 3 million homes by the year 2020. The government is also pressing with the policy which aims to see all new homes constructed by the year 2016 to be zero carbon. The problem that presents itself is that the cost of building zero carbon homes includes a premium cost for building and subsequently purchasing such a property. If in the year 2009 only 118,000 homes were built, when quite clearly the governments target is at least 200,000 per year to be in a position to meet the 3 million new homes target by 2020 and the cost of housing is already quite high, then how does Gordon Brown intend on maintaining the road map for two extraordinary targets which clash quite apparently. Last years figures prove that house building was at an all time low since 1946. These figures indicate that Gordon Browns government may have overlooked the situation and set a target which is perhaps extremely challenging if taking account of the current economic position of the UK economy.The Cyril Sweett ConsultationIn 2006 Cyril Sweett construction and property consultants were approached by the English Partnerships and Housing Corporation to report on the implications of the move from the Ecohomes standard of Very good rating to the level 3 Code for Sustainable Homes. The research carried out by Cyril Sweett consultants reviewed six differen t types of houses which included four types which were constructed using traditional methods of construction and two with modern construction techniques. Cyril Sweett say that the findings of the research are not necessarily standard for all construction and consideration should given to project specific variables such as the area of construction, type of development, the supply chain etc each having a variable effect on the cost of building in the stated methods of construction. Whilst the figures do not represent code level 6 developments, they do however give an indication of what the expected cost of building level 6 zero carbon homes may be if factored. The study made consideration to a whole host of construction methods and technological solutions to improve the performance of the home. The sole purpose of the research was to assess which methods of construction were the most economically viable to achieve the various code levels of the CfSH. However four scenarios were given in the report for expediency which are as followsScenario 1Initial energy efficiency measures followed by the use of solar thermal technology, then photovoltaic and biomass systems.Scenario 2Initial energy efficiency measures initially followed by the use of small scale wind turbines and then biomass systems.Scenario 3Development with shared energy services, such as combined heat and power (CHP). For this scenario costs per unit are averaged for different infrastructure options for a theoretical 200 unit development.Scenario 4Achievement of Code level 3 without recourse to renewable energies through the use of a whole house mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery and by assuming the use of proprietary construction details.The findings of the study found that projects which allowed for wind energy or site wide CHP technologies had scope for achieving the lowest costs. Again, it is stressed that projects are site specific therefore areas with low wind speeds may not be able t o achieve satisfactory wind speeds to justify using wind energy technologies.The following tabulated data highlights the additional cost of achieving the code level 3 over the Ecohomes Very Good standard.The baseline cost for the abovementioned homes is 92,107 for a 116m detached home and 75,230 for a 101m end of terrace home, as specified or compliant with the 2006 building Regulations.It is an interesting observation that the implementation of Scenario 4 to achieve a code level 3 rating costs 5,090 for a detached house and 4,748 for a terraced house an increase in cost of 5.4% and 6.2% respectively. Whats interesting about these figures is that Scenario 4 does not implement any renewable energy solutions such as photovoltaic cell technology but does make use of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery systems. Scenario 4 does in many respects mirror the PassivHaus dwelling or Scandinavian homes method of building. Scenario 4 combined with advanced micro generation technologies co uld achieve level 6 zero carbon status but to enable this industry would need to invest further in research and development of enhancing the micro generation technologies, however the cost will be greatly increased. As with anything that is new there is a premium cost to be paid. But as more efforts are made and competition increases due to demand the cost of such technologies should decrease in time.The costing data provided in the Cyril Sweett report (2007) went further to report on the cost of achieving a level 5 rating of the Code for Sustainable Homes (CfSH), which is incidentally the highest level of code attainment data provided in the report. The following cost comparison data only makes reference to detached dwellings as the costing data for terraced houses are not too dissimilar to the detached houses.Scenario 1The table shown above shows the cost of achieving a code level 5 rating of the CfSH using scenario 1, which to reiterate includes the use of solar thermal technolog y with photovoltaic and biomass systems. The cost attached to upgrading to level 5 costs an additional 20,270, as shown in the table. Therefore an 18% increase above the baseline cost of building a detached home with a 116m area to the 2006 building regulatory standard, which totals 111,476.Scenario 2Utilising Scenario 2, a 116m Home built with small scale wind turbine and biomass technology will achieve a CfSH level 5 rating at a cost of 14,206 above the baseline cost. A 14% increase totalling 106,146Scenario 3Utilising Scenario 3, a 116m Home built using site wide CHP technology will achieve a CfSH level 4 rating at a cost of 2,622 above the baseline cost. A 3% increase totalling 93,828Scenario 4Utilising Scenario 4, a 116m Home built with improved air tightening and mechanical ventilation will achieve a CHS level 3 rating at a cost of 4,481 above the baseline cost. A 5% increase totalling 95,687The cumulative graph shown above shows the cost of achieving each level of the Code fo r Sustainable Homes (CfSH) up to level 5, in comparison to each scenario detailed on the previous pages.The interesting thing about the comparative cost data provided by Cyril Sweett consultants is that to achieve level 5 of the code using scenario one costs 36,070, which is an increase above the baseline cost of 28.6%. Obtaining a code level 5 rating using scenario two is achieved by allowing for an increase in cost above the baseline of 20,746 which is a 22.7% increase. These figures provide an indication of what the likelihood cost for building code level 6 zero carbon homes are going be. Therefore it is estimated that for a similar type of dwelling the cost will be in excess of 30% above the 2006 Building Regulations baseline cost. A 30% increase in cost is quite substantial considering a home built to the prescribed building standards would cost approximately 92,107, thus around a 40,000 increase to implement code level 6 to the dwelling is a substantial amount and therefore co st is going to be a major factor in determining the success or failure of achieving the zero carbon homes by 2016 target.Clearly the figures shown in this report show that the cost of producing zero carbon homes across the board is going to be a major obstacle if drastic changes and new solutions to reduce the cost of zero carbon technologies do not surface within the next few years leading up to the year 2016. The situation appears to be quite discomforting as affordability is going to negate the possibility of achieving not just the 2016 target but may also interfere with the 2020 target of building an additional three million new homes in the United Kingdom as less demand due to affordability will result in less homes being built and therefore cause a stalemate situation if the government alongside industry does not take steps to resolve the situation fast.Reductions in cost for bulk purchasingAs stated earlier in the report cost reductions can be made through advances in technol ogy and through competition as demand for zero carbon homes increases. Whilst the cost of achieving zero carbon is quite high at the moment, cost will gradually subside. The Cyril Sweett consultancy further reported that the purchase of materials and technology in bulk order will reduce the cost of producing zero carbon homes. Cyril Sweett representatives approached a number of suppliers of water and sustainable technologies. It was found that for large scale procurement i.e. 5000 units plus reductions in cost were achieved for the following technologies.(Cyril Sweett, 2007)Section 4 MethodologyThis chapter focuses on the methodology used in the production of the current research paper and will highlight the various stages of the research method. The purpose of the methodology is to provide the reader with an insight into what is expected in the report and how the research is to be conducted.The current study focuses on the UK governments policy of all homes to be Zero Carbon by th e year 2016 and investigates into the feasibility of the policy and further considers the impediments preventing the policy to materialise. The study also aims to identify the key drivers and barriers of achieving zero carbon homes by 2016 across the board.The study will explore key areas in the

Constructing and analysing financial tools

Constructing and analysing financial toolsPart (a)Part (b)Part (c)Independent study skills cultivated in 3 academic years. The first is self-study ability. In level 4 and I will take introduction to write up and introduction to financial literary argument preparation. These two modules explain the basic financial reports, liking income statement and residual sheet. The knowledge in class ab bring out this divide is not enough, and I should find more(prenominal) related explanation and practise to enhance my understanding. as luck would micturate it document and web links provided by Leeds will direct students to teaching materials and additional activities in a range of modules such as penetration to Accounting (H4), Dealing with Accounting Adjustments (H5) and Accounting Issues (H6). Students will be satisfactory to self-check their understanding by completing online quizzes. As a student, I should worsen my attitude towards study and learn to study independently. Level 4 is the hindquarters of financial accounting, when I learn more about accounting adjustments and sort out financial statements in level 5 and 6 with the self-study ability, it is not unworkable for me to correctly construct financial statements for all diverse kinds of corporations in the future, and this would be a great advantage for a employee.The second is about effective communication and squad working skills. I should value the contributions of my peers in team working, for example in the preparation of a group presentation in the Business Context module and strategic planning and Control module. on the job(p) in groups to manage and carry out a simulated telephone line project synthesizing the expertise and skills developed throughout the course. During the process our group members have to assign reasonable apportional proportion that is suitable to their advantages to each members through efficient communication. In workplace, efficient communication bears you prof essional and team work makes you competitive.The third is occasion of university e-services e.g. VLE, portal, library and email. We should use appropriate e-tools to locate, access and utilise reading that facilitate learning e.g. library e-catalogue and search engines. In Level 4 students will use Excel spreadsheets to create, manipulate and analyse data in the Data Analysis for Finance module. in Level 5. IT for Accountants will blossom students Excel spreadsheet skills as well as improve their employability prospects through use of the SAGE accounting software. This will involve importing and exporting entropy from accounting systems into spreadsheets in order to manipulate data. Students will have to ride out to demonstrate digital literacy at Level 6 e.g. In the Strategic Planning and Control module students are required to carry out internet based research and prepare a garnish of terminal accounts using Excel. The digital literacy is significant in the career life. It is necessary for a employee to be successful.Part (d)Competencies I already haveCommunication skills. I control good skills of communicating with people. I can clearly identicalness other peoples advantages and weakness through talking with them. In addition to that, in the group assignment of Business Context, my responsibility is to machinate every team members, tell their objective and absorb their ideas.Computer literate. I am interested in computer, I am good at internet detective. And using correct resource to achieve the already set objectives.Time management. Normally I use timetable to arrange my daily work, in particular for the team work. I will inform my group members early and batten they will be there on time, and urge them to finish their part work on time.Competencies that need enhancingMathematics. my mathematics is poor, always make mistakes, so I need to concentrate on the question and numbers when I am doing calculation. This should be improved definitely.Pro blem solving. I am not good at solving problems, so I should read more peoples experience, and learn their decision making in the akin situation.Future career pathMy personal goal is to become a charted accountant within industry or commerce. This allows me to specialise my financial expertise. However, my colossal time goal is gaining all the knowledge and skills to open my own accounting company.Below I will make a schedule to make my dream achievable

European Studies Essays Frank Underdevelopment Dependency

europiuman Studies Essays blunt Under victimisation dependency forthright Under emergence dependency1.0 IntroductionThis jutting report looks to the theories, concepts and studies of the well-k straightn German prolific and contr all oversial increment scotch expert and Sociologist of post-war era, Andre Gunder impolite. cad was best kn have as an early exp angiotensin converting enzyment and put uper of the dependence speculation, which maintained that rich, authentic countries gained from poor, under- create countries so long as they dwelled in the international capitalist system ( prudence prof, 2006).This report will squeeze mainly on the understanding and psychoanalysis of the roughly signifi houset concepts and theories of wiener on Under developing thitherafter his concepts will be employ to countries of Latin the States and Asia, which were the or so affected from the plague of Under training.Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers2.0 Pr eface of Andre G candid theories stark(a) is considered to be unrivaled of the study founders of the origination system theory along with Immanuel W on the wholeerstein, Samir Amin and Giovanni Arrighi. He is the condition of legion(predicate) works in adult male system and serviceman appeal. Andre Gunder Frank was interested in the processes of capital accumulation in Latin the States and other regions, such as Asia. These regions were analyzed by Frank within the human race context.The name of Frank is closely committed with the knowledge and addiction theories. He is the author of very interesting publications and ledgers devoted to the connection mingled with economically unquestionable countries and growth countries. When Andre Gunder Frank wrote his Capitalism and Under learning in Latin the States and The reading of Underdevelopment he was influenced by the revolutionary suppositions in Latin the States and some other countries at that period. Being a aff able scientist, Andre Gunder Frank was interested in multiple subjects, events, pourboireics, but he is considered to be iodin of the major contributors to the topic development of underdevelopment and origination system theory. His analysis of contemporary position of some countries has influenced the sociology science.He was one of the researchers who furthered the development and dependency theories. In his oblige Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin the States Andre Frank has shown his radical position towards development and underdevelopment. He wrote that the world and national capitalism has generated underdevelopment in the old, and still produces underdevelopment at present. (Frank, 1967a) Andre Gunder Frank has expressed an opinion that the economically genuine countries were un substantial but non develop. He believed that the present underdevelopment of a country is the outcome of its historical development in the agone and at present, and the result of its admitings with metropolitan countries (Frank 1966, pp. 17-31).Frank was the first scientist who realized the meaning of the world frugality. He understood that there is the possibility of autonomous development among the countries in the SouthThe importance of the central theme of the world economy and of its interdependence has belong ever stronger. What has changed is my belief, which was gargantuanly implicit in the idea of dependence, that a state of independence, or at least non-dependence, could be achieved finished de-linking from the world economy through concerted political actions in the tierce initiation countries or regions. On this blend in issue, I suppose I check changed the nigh, especially since the coup in Chile. Experience has shown it to be super difficult, if not impossible, for voluntarist political action to de-link particular countries from world economy (Kay 1989, p.1181).2.1 suppuration and Dependency theoriesThe development theory unites several theories, which state that some dependable changes in a particular society be to be achieved for the cat valium arrive at. These theories (Modernization theory, Dependency theory, cosmos Systems theory, and State theory) atomic number 18 based on a variety of loving scientific approaches and disciplines.Frank criticized the newization theory, which was the key lieu in sociology at that period of time. He called in question the major premises of the modernization thesis clarify by Talcott Parsons, Bert Hoselitz, Wilbert Moore, Everret Hagen, Daniel Lerner, David McClelland and Walt Whitman Rostow. Moreover, Frank criticized the thesis which stated that the under develop countries with their traditional societies would gradually become demonstrable and modern countries by engaging with the developed capitalist economies and modern societies (Frank, 1967b, pp. 2073). Therefore, he has presented the new analysis of the relationships mingled with economically develop ed and develop countries.Dependency theory is a part of the development theory, which was elaborated after the modernization theory. The dependency theory is based on the idea that the consequences of colonialism on undeveloped countries must be sequestern into consideration when further development is judge to take place. Dependency theory is tightly connected with Latin the States. Scientists brace recognized Franks contribution to dependency theory. Andre Gunder Frank was a scholar who developed and enriched the research of this theory. He stressed that the modernization theory was a process via which developing countries became more dependent upon economically developed countries. Moreover, the dependency theory divided all countries into several categories according to their take aim of development. This theory examines countries by dividing them into periphery and centre states the centre consists of the already developed and colonizing countries, whereas the periphery co nsists of the developing and colonized countries.Dependency theory became a putz for political commentary and a framework of explanations. Frank was a scientist who has found the basic concepts for the dependency theory. His innovation to the world system theory and to the development theory was based on the incorporation and the connection between economically developed and underdeveloped countries with the help of the notion of capitalism and all the economic, political, social and cultural changes which became the consequences of the appearance of capitalism relations.2.2 The Development of Underdevelopment TheoryIn his book The Development of Underdevelopment (Development Studies, 1966, p. 27) Frank stated Since the historical experience of the colonial and underdeveloped countries has demonstrably been quite different, available theory therefore fails to reflect the past of the underdeveloped part of the world entirely, and reflects the past of the world as a whole besides in part. More important, our ignorance of the tale of these underdeveloped countries leads us to assume that their past and indeed their present resemble earlier details of the history of the now economically developed countries. More studies of development and underdevelopment fail to take account of the economic and other relations between the metropolis and its economic colonies throughout the history of the mercantilist and capitalist system.Frank gave emphasis to the fact that, in his belief every country passes through all the stages of development, and every stage of this process will vary in time, depending on the position of the country. Besides, he stressed that there is no concept of an underdeveloped country if we take to task most the economically developed countries these be countries which were at one depict merely undeveloped, but not underdeveloped economic development occurs in a succession of capitalist stages and todays underdeveloped countries atomic num ber 18 still in a stage of history through which the now developed countries passed long ago. underdevelopment is not original or traditional and that uncomplete the past nor the present of the underdeveloped countries resembles in any important attentiveness the past of the now developed countries. The now developed countries were never underdeveloped, though they may sacrifice been undeveloped (Development Studies p. 28). The notion of the development of underdevelopment which he has elaborated during the research is the main concept in the development theory (Kay, 1989, p. 1180).Frank pointed out that the contemporary underdevelopment position of a country is the result of its economic, cultural, political and social characteristic features. Moreover, the underdevelopment as the result of past and present relations is an integral part of the world structure present underdevelopment of Latin America is the result of its centuries-long participation in the process of world capitalist development (Development Studies, p. 30). He pointed out that the capitalist system has developed rapidly during the last centuries and its effect has r individuallyed the most isolated parts of the underdeveloped world. Moreover, the metropolis-satellite relations have been spread in the Latin American colonies and countries, having structured the economic, political, and social cargoner of these countries. Frank has come to a very interesting conclusion that underdevelopment is generated by the historical process which has generated economic development and the development of capitalism. The other kindly of closing off which tends to confirm the second hypothesis is the geographic and economic isolation of regions which at one time were relatively weakly tied to and bad integrated into the mercantilist and capitalist system (Development Studies, p. 31-33). Therefore, the two eccentrics of countries are connected with each other through forgeation and colonization. Frank has found the connection between the development of the centre and the periphery countries.Besides this, Andre Gunder Frank explained in his book The Development of Underdevelopment, that Latin America and other similar countries are underdeveloped countries owing to the foreign competition, and the introduction of dispatch trade, which is in the interest of the persuasion groups of the economically developed countries in Latin America it was these regions, which initiated and experienced the most promising self-generating economic development of the classical industrial capitalist type. The most important regional cases probably are Tucuman and Asuncion, as well as Mendoza and Rosario (Development Studies, p. 33). The now underdeveloped countries have not had the luck to continue developing in the conditions of growing capitalism. Consequently, the development of these countries has had to be sacrificed for that of others. Therefore, the contemporary underdevelopment of c ertain countries is connected with their close ties with now economically developed countries, which have become economically developed owing to these underdeveloped countries in the past, and which have aban through with(p)d them when the wealth of their mines, piercing materials and natural resources disappeared.3.0 Franks Underdevelopment Theories with Relation to Latin America and Asia3.1 IntroductionThe concepts of Franks studies on Development of Underdevelopment and mainly his Dependency Theory are known for the way Frank applied them to Latin American countries, with relation to Western European Countries and the get together States.3.2 Latin AmericaFrank (1966) believed Latin America to be a victim of capitalism having been integrated into the world capitalist system since the beginning of the sixteenth century. Although Sao Paolo has realized the largest in Latin America, this has not helped the rest of Brazil to develop, but has deepened their underdevelopment. Further more, Frank maintained that although the development and industrialisation of Sao Paolo may have been carried out individually in the beginning, it is increasingly beginning to come in the clasp of the world capitalist system, which is posing a rising number of restrictions for possibilities of further development of the city.When writing about Latin America, Frank (1969, p. 432) do reference to a metropolis-satellite structure. This, he believed, is what the world market for goods, capital, and the international division of labour, have produced. This verbal description portrays Franks belief that the developed, metropolitan countries take, or suck all of the capital or economic surplus from the other countries, or satellites, in order to feed and sum up their own development, but push the development of these other countries further down, eventually into an underdeveloped state. Although these countries may unless have been undeveloped to begin with, the interference of the mo re developed countries has substantiated to be further detrimental than had they not interfered, or helped, at all.There are several argues for which the countries of Latin America are being use by developed countries. This exploitation began in the 18th century, and some of the reasons for exploitation include their natural resources gold and silver, from Mexico, Peru, and Brazil and the sugar and coffee also produced in Brazil. The sugar production by slaves in Brazil benefited Europe some(prenominal) at home, and when in competition with others abroad, such as Asia. During the 19th century, in particular towards the end of it, Brazil continued to increasingly export sugar and coffee, musical composition Mexico, Peru, and Chile resumed mining, and Argentina exported wheat and meat for Britain and Europe (Frank, 1992). With so many raw materials and produced goods to offer, such an underdeveloped country is susceptible to being interpreted advantage of by those countries w hich rent them, and have the money and power to exploit whoever or whatever gets in the way of them obtaining what they want or need.The underdevelopment of Latin America can also be seen to benefit developed countries in the form of labour this includes labour which has been brought to the developed countries, as well as labour in the underdeveloped country. Specifically Latapi and Martin (no date) mentioned Mexican immigrants attempting to escape their world of underdevelopment by migrating to the unite States, but being used by the unify States for tuppeny labour. These graduate(prenominal) poem of immigrants lead to an increase in the United States productivity, and also the net benefit received due to higher numbers of immigrants lowering the wages of other immigrant workers.3.3 AsiaAs well as Latin America, the underdevelopment of countries in central Asia had also been the subject of much of Franks theories on underdevelopment. One such country specifically was china, which was believed to be one of the leading economically developed countries between 1400 and 1800 (Frank, 2005). Since its decolonisation and liberation in 1949, chinaware has been predicted to regain its high position in the world economy, and this is the reason behind Franks book ReOrient Global Economy in the Asian Age. In the book, Frank draws upon the words of Smith (1776) mainland China is a much richer country than any part of Europe (Frank, 1998, p. 13). As Frank believed that Asia, and in particular China, is beginning to reclaim its place amongst the top players of the economically developed world he also believed that the history of Asia should also be correctly depicted, hence the above book was written.Frank was crude(a) in that his thoughts of world history, in particular concerning Asia, were that they have been incorrectly portrayed by Europe. The alleged history of economic development is believed to be a Eurocentric portrayal which Frank claimed denies the real history of the world and neglects most of human reality as well as altering the scholarship of Europes history. That is to say, history has been portrayed in such a way so as to focus on the people and market-gardening of Europe, making it appear almost superior to others, including that of Asia. Chinas fly from its high range of development, to its current undeveloped situation, is seen to be the result of exploitation on behalf of already developed countries, such as those of Europe (Frank, 2005).Furthermore, Frank stated that underdevelopment is not traditional it is the result of dependent capitalist development of underdevelopment (Frank, 2005). Franks belief again stems from the arguments and evidence which imply that China was no more traditional than Europe between its period of flier economy (from 1400 to 1800), and that it was in fact greater, and more developed than Europe. The above paraphrase could be interpreted to mean that underdevelopment is not the result of a overlook of development of certain countries but the result of the interference of developed countries which are dependent on undeveloped countries. These developed countries can scarcely remain so if the undeveloped countries remain undeveloped therefore they encourage the development of their undevelopment. This consequently causes the undeveloped countries to become classed as underdeveloped countries, as their efforts to become developed are actually hindered by developed countries, diminishing any hope they may have had of becoming modern.At the uniform time, Frank (2005) argued to the effect that capitalism does not in fact have any actual existence in the world, but is just an ideology. Although this contradicts his earlier work, he now states that the ideology of capitalism was simply created in order to select unclear world economical history, and it continues to do so for modern-day world economics. Frank shared in the views of Samir Amin, in that they both believed the way for China, as well as any other country, to be released from all forms of dependence, was to break up all links and connections from the external world capitalist economy, and to break free from the internal socialism which were believed to be the root causes of dependence.This theory however was only possible, so to speak, in theory. Frank continued to reflect on his own beliefs by claiming that to the present day no country has managed to become full free from dependence, only the South East Asian Tigers had managed to do so partially, and even they were still subject to financial problems. Frank concluded that there has not been a definite and clear answer wedded as to what to do if and when freedom from dependence would ever occur.Moreover, Frank highlighted his criticism of the modernisation Theory, which stated that any country could become modernised with the help of those countries which are already modernised. He quoted The Europeans did not do anything let alon e germinate by themselves (Frank, 2005). Using Europe as an typeface, he argued that the modernisation theory only applies to certain countries shown by the fact that although Europe was receiving very cheap money in the form of dollars from America, this type of help was not made available to Asia. He continued to enforce the Dependency Theory which states that developed countries have become so, by depending on underdeveloped countries as Europe has come to depend on the cheap labour it uses from Asia. Franks emphasis was that Europe uses underdeveloped countries like China as a step ladder in order to gain, and maintain, a good foot-hold in the modern world (Frank, 2005).The exploitation of China by developed countries can also be seen by looking at the United States. An framework given by The National Labor Committee (2006) is the findings of an investigation of 16 factories in China, producing a large number of different items, such as car stereos, TVs, bikes, shoes, sneake rs, clothing, hats, and bags, for some of the largest companies in the United States, namely Wal-Mart, Nike, Huffy, and others. The findings highlight the horrible conditions under which some people have to work, such as one factory where workers forced to work 12 to 14 hours a day, 7 days a week, with only one day off a month, at an average wage of 3 cents an hour. The low wages did not give workers any benefit, as they still ended up in debt to the company. Workers were fed two meals a day, and 16 workers were housed in one wasted dorm. Some workers could not even afford the bus fare to take leave the factory in order to look for another job, and in the past any protest about the working conditions has led to 800 workers losing their jobs.This is a primeval example of what Frank has referred to as the exploitation of underdeveloped countries by developed countries. Without this type of exploitation, countries like those of the United States would not be able to increase their profit margins and become as rich as they are.Another example in Asia is Japan, which is believed a rapidly modernising country, particularly towards the end of the 19th century. This was done particularly with the use of technical and scientific training and research, and this type of gentility is what is believed to be an essential factor for developing countries. The effects of this can be seen by the South East Asian Tigers, as mentioned by Frank, who are increasing in levels of modernisation and economic development due to this type of training and education. Australia, as a developed country, has been thought to have benefit by providing some of this training for countries like Japan, as well as others. However, it has been argued that unless Australia improves its infrastructure, countries in Asia will rightly decide that they no longer need the help of developed countries like Australia, and can do a demote job themselves. In relation to Franks theories, this can be seen s upport to his views of the Dependency Theory. Blakey (1997) stated that Australia is benefiting from the underdeveloped countries but as these underdeveloped countries are becoming more and more case-by-case and modernised, they may no longer need the so-called help of these countries.Blakey (1997) also claims that Great Britains industrial society is no longer as advanced as it used to be manufacturing and science are now believed to be in decline. This could be said to be the result of underdeveloping countries becoming more independent the consequence of which is the economy of the developed countries falling to those levels which the underdeveloped countries have had to deal with for years.Another social theorist who agrees with Frank is Glyn who, as highlighted in an question by Hoveman (2006), claims that Japans lack of economic improvement in the last 15 years has been welcomed by Europe and the US. In addition, Glyn states that Chinas dramatic rise in economic development could prove to be dangerous for already developed countries, such as the United States, due to the fact that the Chinese monetary authorities buy large amounts of dollars. Should they ever stop, the value of the dollar would fall dramatically this would result in the United States having to increase interest rates to prevent inflation rates from rising dramatically. This could then in turn lead to, at the very least, the danger of rising economic development coming to an abrupt bank check for the United States the threat of stagnation.4.0 Conclusion / DiscussionOn the whole, what is made unambiguous in this report is that in Andre Gunder Franks thesis, the development of the centre not only involves, but requires the underdevelopment of the previously undeveloped periphery. This is because development has depended upon resources which are stolen from the periphery, and resources which are exploited as well as people which are exploited. At the same time the periphery becomes incre asingly dependent upon the centre for certain all important(p) modern resources, including technology and knowledge (Bronferbenner, 1972). Franks early speculation on The Development of Underdevelopment was brilliant and crucial for the emergence of both the dependency theory and the world-system paradigm. His efforts at systematically linking the external economic behaviour of the socialist alliance to the big capitalist division of labour, has been instrumental in our understanding of not only the nature and role of existing socialisms, but the overall dynamics of the world economy (Bergesen, 1982). In his view, Asia and Latin America have actually developed underdevelopment whereas Europe, North America, and Australia have accumulated capital at the expense of the periphery. This accumulation of capital has been made possible through the process of unequal exchange between regions, and the transformation internally of regions at the productive, social, and political levels.Fra nk applied his theories of development to various countries affected by underdevelopment specifically those of Latin America and Asia. These however are just to name a few his theories could be applied to many other underdeveloped countries. Frank viewed the present world as a manifestation of the dominance the centre metropolis has over the dependent periphery involving unequal exchange and exploitation.The exploitation of the people, and of the natural resources and raw materials of these countries, is what Frank believed to be the key behind his Dependency Theory. He insist that developed countries such as Britain, Australia, have only received the labels of being developed countries because of their dependence on these underdeveloped countries. The low wages given to workers of these underdeveloped countries, together with the natural resources and raw material which are each stolen or bought at extortionately low prices, are all a combination of what allow the developed count ries to have such large margins of profit. These high amounts of profit can then be reinvested in order to increase the riches of the countries further all at the expense of underdeveloped countries.That is to say, if developed countries did not exploit underdeveloped countries, then in Franks views they would not be such a thing as an underdeveloped county all countries which have not become economically developed, would simply be undeveloped. The term undeveloped at least allows a country the opportunity to become developed whereas underdeveloped implies it can never become developed due to the continuing exploitation of these developed countries.ReferencesBergesen, A. (1982) Reviewed Work Crisis In the World Economy, by Andre Gunder Frank. Contemporary Sociology. 11 (1), pp. 55-56.Blakey, L. (1997) The Death of Australian Science and Technology, first rudiment Radio National online. lendable at http//abc.net.au/rn/ockhamsrazor/stories/1997/22.htm (Accessed 27 April 2007).Bronfe nbrenner, M. (1979) World Accumulation, 1492-1789. By Andre Gunder Frank. Journal of Economic Literature. 17 (4), pp. 1460-1461.Development Studies Thinking about Development, reprinted in full from Monthly Review September (1966), pp. 27-37.Economy Professor (2006) Andre Gunder Frank. open at http//www.economyprofessor.com/theorists/andregunderfrank.php (Accessed 17 April 2007).Frank, A. G. (1966) The Development of Underdevelopment. Monthly Review 18(4), pp. 1737.Frank, A.G. (1967a) Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil, stark naked York, Monthly Review Press.Frank, A.G. (1967b) Sociology of Development and Underdevelopment of Sociology, Catalyst 3 pp. 2073.Frank, A. G. (1969) Latin America Underdevelopment or Revolution, The Economic Journal, 81 (322), pp. 432-434.Frank, A.G. (1992) Latin America at the Margin of World System History, The Andre Gunder Frank Official Website. Available at http//www.rrojasdatabank.org/agfrank/lati n_margin.html (Accessed 29 April 2007).Frank, A. G. (1998) ReOrient Global Economy in the Asian Age. Berkeley, University of calcium Press.Frank, A. G. (2005) Personal Research Interests for Public Policy Practice, The Andre Gunder Frank Official Website. Available at http//www.rrojasdatabank.org/agfrank/research.html (Accessed 26 March 2007).Hoveman, R. (2006) The Socialist Review. Available at http//www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=9792 (Accessed 27 April 2007).Kay, C. (1989) Andre Gunder Frank From the Development of Underdevelopment to the World System. Development and Change, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1177-1183 Blackwell Synergy Online. Available athttp//www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.0012-155X.2005.00455.x (Accessed 14th April 2007).Latapi, A. E. and Martin, S. (no date) Mexico U.S. Migration Management A Binational Approach. Available at http//www.hewlett.org/NR/rdonlyres/E7D5BD75-AB6E-4780-A354-EB4D4BBA9779/0/USMexicoMigration.pdf (Accessed 29 Ap ril).The National Labor Committee (2006) The Role of US Companies in Denying Human and Worker Rights. Available at http//www.nlcnet.org/campaigns/archive/chinareport/introduction.shtml (Accessed 30 April).

The Myth Of Equality In American Society Politics Essay

The Myth Of Equality In the Statesn Society Politics EssayThe American clubhouse is viewed by the global fellowship as the community of freedom, as the country in which in every(prenominal) person is able to consider the greatest degree of jibeity. Indeed, the unify States of America is undoubtedly the most divers(prenominal) nation in the solid ground with state representing disparate cultures and ethnicities. The Constitution of the United States guarantee equalize tribute of all citizens and prohibits contrast based on gender, age, physical exampleistics, or any different factors which make one person different to the separates. However, it should be recognize that the American society does non function as the nation of equals as favouritism, stereotyping, and prejudices atomic number 18 still widespread.The American children atomic number 18 taught at schools that the United States of America was founded with the idea that all raft are considered equal (J eynes and Martinez 195). The history books purport that the founding fathers did not apply this idea to the African American slaves in the South however, the ratification of the Constitution was the first step to bring the article of faith of compare into jurisprudence. Even though the American government grants equal rights and equal protections to all citizens, it would be wrong to state with confidence that the American society is the nation of equals.Jeynes and Martinez emphasize that as long as Darwinism evolution remain the sole teaching about mans origins that children are exposed to in the overt schools, racism will be highly institutionalize in the panache children are instructed (196). Even though this argument deals mostly with religious aspects of the homosexual evolution, Jeynes and Martinez describe the current situation in American society very(prenominal) clear. Even today, legion(predicate) people are strongly convinced that the Whites are superior to Afr ican Americans in their intellectual abilities while African Americans are superior to Whites in terms of physical development and athletic skills. It is potential to assume that African Americans, for example, are more skilful in sports referable to their physical characteristics however, this difference should not baffle the benchmark for dividing society in groups.Due to the social stratification and the segmentation of the nation into different groups, the thought of par is present on the study single. Every person has a number of groups he or she croaks to. For example, a teenager may belong to the African American group by his race, basketball team by his sports participation, Christian group by his religious beliefs, and high school companionship by his age. From one side, social identification is necessary for the development as well as normal functioning of any person. From the other side, the institutionalized social groups contribute to further division of societ y and diminishment of the concept of comparison.Sidlow and Henschen snuff it the attention of the American nation to the idea of civil rights which guarantee all citizens equal treatment under the law, as supported with the Fourteenth Amendment (99). From the stand of democracy, all people have equal rights as well. However, the idea of equality within American society is an ideal which has not been arrive atd yet. Numerous groups in American society struggle today to obtain equal treatment. For example, the aerial couples try to obtain legal equality in terms of hymeneals and adoption of children and millions of illegal immigrants contact to achieve legal status of citizens. Thus, the law does not allow discrimination against a particular group of people however, it does not imply that equality is created.In a sense, the emergence of the indie United States is based on the history of discrimination against minorities. Sidlow and Henschen emphasize that discrimination agains t women, African Americans, and Native Americans dates back to the early years of the nation, the time when farmers in the South refused to give equal rights to others (99). As more and more diverse people arrived to the United States, it was necessary to bring in the issue of equality into semipolitical framework. Nevertheless, it was not enough to regard equality on the paper it was necessary to integrate the concept of equality into social relations. Consequently, today millions of people belonging to diverse minority groups have no opportunity to experience equality in their daily lives.It is important to mention that despite of the widespread recognition of the importance of equality and tolerance towards differences among people, the scientific and academic community started to focus on the rights of minority people only a decennary or two ago. In particular, the idea of the inclusive classrooms emerged only some(prenominal) years ago, when the educators realized that thei r classrooms were composed of diverse students with different needs. It does not think about that classrooms became diverse only a decade ago. It take to bes that the issue of equality has not been properly addressed before. Initially, it was expected that the diverse people glide path to the United States would be assimilated into the mainstream culture. However, Vera and Feagin argue that today the mere idea of soaking up is no longer effective. Thus, clear distinctions are made between those who opine all people should be given a fair adventure to succeed and those who believe that if people dont have equal access to resources, measures should be take to equalize opportunity (299).Unfortunately, the equality in American nation exists mostly theoretically rather than practically. People are judged by their commercialise value, as Americans are taught to respect the wealthy and despise the poor. The human character has less value than social and physical attributes. Moreover , Vera and Feagin suggest that very fewer people are willing to support proactive measure to ensure equality because it would mean loss of the privileges for the dominant groups. At the same time, umpteen people believe that equality is the defining feature of the American society, as any person from any part of the world is able to endure successful in this country. However, this view is expressed in support of the frugal success rather than social equality.In addition to frugal measures of success, the American people attribute significant value to individualism as unlike to collectivism. In other words, Americans tend to emphasize the importance of individuals rather than teams, groups, or community. Naylor argues that because of this particular flavor of self-reliance, the American nation can not become equal (56). For many people, equality performer nothing more than equal participation in educational and educational systems, for example. Indeed, equality does not mean that all people have equal talents and are able to achieve outstanding success. Equality is not attainable in these aspects. Therefore, equality means equal access to systems and equal opportunities for all people.The global community believes that the American nation grants equal opportunities to all citizens. Nevertheless, until today no significant be on has been achieved to guarantee equal opportunities. Many initiatives have been introduced to tackle the problem of discrimination with the hope to integrate equality into American society. For example, the affirmative action at law was institutionalized to give minority students a better chance for admission. However, affirmative action initiative failed because of its ineffectiveness. The American society is not a nation of equals, and the remotion of the political barriers to equality did not result in the removal of economic and social barriers as well.Naylor suggests that the members of the mainstream culture tend to focus on freedom, the rights of the individual, equality, achievement, and mobility (57). The members of other groups strive to become part of mainstream culture as well. The reason to desire membership in dominant culture is rather obvious for many centuries, the dominating groups have been enjoying more rights and freedoms. Today, the situation is not much different to the time when African Americans were slaves, for example. Even though slavery has been prohibited, members of minority groups do not have equal access to political, economic, and social systems.The reason for the bereavement to bring equality into society is not related to the weakness of political system or privation of opportunities for all. The key issue behind lack of equality is related to cultural and economic factors. For example, a teenager natural to immigrant parents may not have equal opportunity to attend college compared to other students only because his parents are not able to afford education. Consequ ently, this teenager is not able to take advantage of equal opportunity to have well-paid rail line because lack of education is projected on career. In the long-run, this teenager is belike to become an adult who does not fit the mainstream group of successful, educated Whites not because of ethnic or racial differences but rather because of the social and economic barriers.In conclusion, the American nation prides itself for its principle of equality, freedoms and rights for all. Nevertheless, the reality is that equality cadaver nothing more than a concept addressed by the American Constitution. As the nation of immigrants, the American society includes diverse people who strive to take the fullest advantage of their individualism. To ensure equality, the government should remove not only legislative barriers to equal participation but also provide all people with an opportunity to participate in economic and social systems.